Methods of identification, assessment, prevention and therapy of lung diseases and kits thereof

ABSTRACT

The invention provides biomarkers and combinations of biomarkers useful in diagnosing lung diseases such as non-small cell lung cancer or reactive airway disease. The invention also provides methods of differentiating lung disease, methods of monitoring therapy, and methods of predicting a subjects response to therapeutic intervention based on the extent of expression of the biomarkers and combinations of biomarkers. Kits comprising agents for detecting the biomarkers and combination of biomarkers are also provided.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

(a) Field of the Invention

The invention relates to the detection, identification, assessment, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of lung disease using biomarkers and kits thereof. More specifically, the invention relates to the diagnosis of non-small cell lung cancers and reactive airway diseases by measuring and quantifying expression levels of specific biomarkers. The invention also relates to the identification of biomarkers present in human serum or other biological fluids, which, when found to be expressed at levels different from those found in the normal population, are indicative of pathologies associated with human lung tissues and the human respiratory system. By identifying the biomarkers associated with such pathologies, quantifying the expression levels of those biomarkers, and comparing the expression levels with those levels generally expected to present in a normal person's serum, it is possible to detect the presence of the pathologies early on in their progression through simple blood tests and characterize the progression of the pathology, as well as to differentiate among the pathologies.

(b) Description of the Related Art

Pathologies of the respiratory system, such as asthma and lung cancer, affect millions of Americans. In fact, the American Lung Association® reports that almost 20 million Americans suffer from asthma. The American Cancer Society, Inc. estimated 229,400 new cancer cases of the respiratory system and 164,840 deaths from cancers of the respiratory system in 2007 alone. While the five year survival rate of all cancer cases when the cancer is detected while still localized is 46%, the five year survival rate of lung cancer patients is only 13%. Correspondingly, only 16% of lung cancers are discovered before the disease has spread. Lung cancers are generally categorized as two main types based on the pathology of the cancer cells. Each type is named for the types of cells that were transformed to become cancerous. Small cell lung cancers are derived from small cells in the human lung tissues, whereas non-small-cell lung cancers generally encompass all lung cancers that are not small-cell type. Non-small cell lung cancers are grouped together because the treatment is generally the same for all non-small-cell types. Together, non-small-cell lung cancers, or NSCLCs, make up about 75% of all lung cancers.

A major factor in the low survival rate of lung cancer patients is the fact that lung cancer is difficult to diagnose early. Current methods of diagnosing lung cancer or identifying its existence in a human are restricted to taking X-rays, Computed Tomography (CT) scans and similar tests of the lungs to physically determine the presence or absence of a tumor. Therefore, the diagnosis of lung cancer is often made only in response to symptoms which have presented for a significant period of time, and after the disease has been present in the human long enough to produce a physically detectable mass.

Similarly, current methods of detecting asthma are typically performed long after the presentation of symptoms such as recurrent wheezing, coughing, and chest tightness. Current methods of detecting asthma are typically restricted to lung function tests such as spirometry tests or challenge tests. Moreover, these tests are often ordered by the physician to be performed along with a multitude of other tests to rule out other pathologies or reactive airway diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), bronchitis, pneumonia, and congestive heart failure.

There does not exist in the art a simple, reliable method of diagnosing pathologies of human lung tissues early in their development. Furthermore, there is not a blood test available today which is capable of indicating the presence of a particular lung tissue pathology. It is therefore desirable to develop a method to determine the existence of lung cancers early in the disease progression. It is likewise desirable to develop a method to diagnose asthma and non-small cell lung cancer, and to differentiate them from each other and from other lung diseases such as infections, at the earliest appearance of symptoms. It is further desirable to identify specific proteins present in human blood which, when altered in terms of relative intensities of expression, are indicative of the presence of non-small cell lung cancers and/or reactive airway disease.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present inventors have identified a number of biomarkers which are useful for characterizing the physiologic state of a subject with regard to lung diseases, such as non-small cell lung cancer or reactive airway disease. These biomarkers are presented in Tables 1-23.

Table 1A lists biomarkers whose expression level has been found to be different from the level in normal individuals when measured in individuals with one or more lung diseases. Table 1B lists biomarkers whose expression level has been found to be different from the level in normal individuals when measured in individuals with either non-small cell lung cancer or reactive airway disease, and to show a differential expression level between non-small cell lung cancer and reactive airway disease. Table 1C lists biomarkers whose expression has been found to be different from the level in normal individuals when measured in individuals with non-small cell lung cancer or with reactive airway disease.

Table 2 lists biomarkers whose expression has been found to be different from the level in normal individuals when measured in individuals with reactive airway disease. Table 3 lists biomarkers whose expression has been found to be different from the level in normal individuals when measured in individuals with non-small cell lung cancer. Table 4 lists biomarkers whose expression levels have been found to be different when measured between individuals with non-small cell lung cancer and reactive airway disease.

Table 5A lists biomarkers whose expression level has been found to be different from the level in normal males when measured in males with one or more lung diseases. Table 5B lists biomarkers whose expression level has been found to be different from the level in normal males when measured in males with either non-small cell lung cancer or reactive airway disease, and to show a differential expression level between non-small cell lung cancer and reactive airway disease. Table 5C lists biomarkers whose expression has been found to be different from the level in normal males when measured in males with non-small cell lung cancer and reactive airway disease.

Table 6 lists biomarkers whose expression has been found to be different from the level in normal males when measured in males with reactive airway disease. Table 7 lists biomarkers whose expression has been found to be different from the level in normal males when measured in males with non-small cell lung cancer. Table 8 lists biomarkers whose expression levels have been found to be different when measured between males with non-small cell lung cancer and reactive airway disease.

Table 9A lists biomarkers whose expression level has been found to be different from the level in normal females when measured in females with one or more lung diseases. Table 9B lists biomarkers whose expression level has been found to be different from the level in normal females when measured in females with either non-small cell lung cancer or reactive airway disease, and to show a differential expression level between non-small cell lung cancer and reactive airway disease. Table 9C lists biomarkers whose expression has been found to be different from the level in normal females when measured in females with non-small cell lung cancer and reactive airway disease.

Table 10 lists biomarkers whose expression has been found to be different from the level in normal females when measured in females with reactive airway disease. Table 11 lists biomarkers whose expression has been found to be different from the level in normal females when measured in females with non-small cell lung cancer. Table 12 lists biomarkers whose expression levels have been found to be different when measured between females with non-small cell lung cancer and reactive airway disease.

Table 13A lists biomarkers whose expression significantly differs between male and female reactive airway disease populations. Table 13B lists biomarkers whose expression does not significantly differ between male and female reactive airway disease populations. Table 14A lists biomarkers whose expression significantly differs between male and female non-small cell lung cancer populations. Table 14B lists biomarkers whose expression does not significantly differ between male and female non-small cell lung cancer populations. Table 15A lists biomarkers ranked by relative standard deviation in fluorescence intensity for the normal population. Table 15B lists biomarkers ranked by relative standard deviation in fluorescence intensity for the normal female population. Table 15C lists biomarkers ranked by relative standard deviation in fluorescence intensity for the normal male population.

Table 16A lists biomarkers whose expression level has been found to be different from the level in normal males when measured in males with one or more lung diseases. Table 16B lists biomarkers whose expression level has been found to be different from the level in normal males when measured in males with either non-small cell lung cancer or reactive airway disease, and to show a differential expression level between non-small cell lung cancer and reactive airway disease. Table 16C lists biomarkers whose expression has been found to be different from the level in normal males when measured in males with non-small cell lung cancer and reactive airway disease.

Table 17 lists biomarkers whose expression has been found to be different from the level in normal males when measured in males with reactive airway disease. Table 18 lists biomarkers whose expression has been found to be different from the level in normal males when measured in males with non-small cell lung cancer. Table 19 lists biomarkers whose expression levels have been found to be different when measured between males with non-small cell lung cancer and reactive airway disease.

Table 20A lists biomarkers whose expression level has been found to be different from the level in normal females when measured in females with one or more lung diseases. Table 20B lists biomarkers whose expression level has been found to be different from the level in normal females when measured in females with either non-small cell lung cancer or reactive airway disease, and to show a differential expression level between non-small cell lung cancer and reactive airway disease. Table 20C lists biomarkers whose expression has been found to be different from the level in normal females when measured in females with non-small cell lung cancer and reactive airway disease.

Table 21 lists biomarkers whose expression has been found to be different from the level in normal females when measured in females with reactive airway disease. Table 22 lists biomarkers whose expression has been found to be different from the level in normal females when measured in females with non-small cell lung cancer. Table 23 lists biomarkers whose expression levels have been found to be different when measured between females with non-small cell lung cancer and reactive airway disease.

Significance for Tables 1-15 were determined using the Student's t test. Significance for Tables 16-23 were determined using the Kruskal-Wallis method.

Polypeptides comprising SEQ ID NOS: 1-17 are additional biomarkers whose expression has been found to change with one or more lung diseases.

The present invention provides various diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic methods which depend on the identification of these biomarkers.

The invention provides for a method of physiological characterization in a subject comprising determining the extent of expression of at least one biomarker from any number of Tables 1-12 or 16-23 in a physiological sample of the subject, wherein the extent of expression of said at least one biomarker is indicative of a lung disease, such as of non-small cell lung cancer or reactive airway disease, or can assist in distinguishing lung diseases, such as of non-small cell lung cancer or reactive airway disease. The invention also provides for methods of physiological characterization in a subject comprising determining the extent of expression of at least one biomarker from Tables 13B, 14B, or 15B, which also appears on Tables 1-12 or 16-23 in a physiological sample of the subject, preferably the biomarker is at least one of biomarker nos. 1-10 of Tables 1-12 or 16-23, wherein the extent of expression of said at least one biomarker is indicative of a lung disease, such as of non-small cell lung cancer or reactive airway disease. Alternatively, or additionally, the extent of expression of the first order interactors of these biomarkers may be determined.

The invention provides for a method of physiological characterization in a subject comprising determining the extent of expression of SEQ ID NO: 12 in a physiological sample of the subject, wherein the extent of expression of SEQ ID NO: 12 is indicative of a lung disease, such as non-small cell lung cancer or reactive airway disease.

The invention provides for a method of physiological characterization in a subject comprising determining the extent of expression of at least one polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 1-17 in a physiological sample of the subject, and determining the extent of expression of at least one biomarker from any number of Tables 1-12 or 16-23, wherein the extent of expression of said at least one polypeptide and said at least one biomarker from any number of Tables 1-12 or 16-23 is indicative of a lung disease, such as non-small cell lung cancer or reactive airway disease.

The invention provides for a method of diagnosing reactive airway disease in a subject comprising determining the extent of expression of at least one biomarker from Table 2, Table 6, Table 10, Table 17, and Table 21 in a physiological sample of the subject, wherein the extent of expression of said at least one biomarker is indicative of reactive airway disease.

The invention provides for a method of diagnosing non-small cell lung cancer in a subject comprising determining the extent of expression at least one biomarker from Table 3, Table 7, Table 11, Table 18, or Table 22 in a physiological sample of the subject, wherein the extent of expression of said at least one biomarker is indicative of the presence or development of non-small cell lung cancer.

The invention provides a diagnostic method to assist in differentiating the likelihood that a subject is at-risk of non-small cell lung cancer or of reactive airway disease comprising determining the extent of expression of at least one biomarker from Table 4, Table 8, Table 12, Table 19, or Table 23 in a physiological sample of the subject who is at-risk for at least one of non-small cell lung cancer or reactive airway disease, wherein the extent of expression of said at least one biomarker from Table 4, Table 8, Table 12, Table 19, or Table 23 assists in differentiating the likelihood that said subject is at-risk of non-small cell lung cancer or of reactive airway disease.

The invention provides a method for predicting the likelihood that a subject will respond to therapeutic intervention comprising determining the extent of expression of at least one biomarker described herein in a physiological sample of the subject, wherein the extent of expression of said at least one biomarker assists in predicting a subject's response to said therapeutic intervention.

The invention also provides a method of monitoring a subject comprising determining a first extent of expression of at least one biomarker described herein in a physiological sample of the subject, a second extent of expression of said at least one biomarker in a physiological sample of the subject at a subsequent time to said first determination, and comparing said first extent of expression and said second extent of expression.

The invention also provides for methods of designing kits comprising selecting at least one biomarker described herein, selecting a means for determining the extent of expression of said at least one biomarker, and designing a kit comprising said means for determining the extent of expression.

The invention also provides for methods of designing kits comprising selecting at least one biomarker described herein, selecting detection agents for detecting said at least one biomarker, and designing a kit comprising said detection agents for detecting at least one biomarker.

The invention also provides kits comprising at least one biomarker described herein.

The invention also provides a kit comprising a means for determining the extent of expression of at least one polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 12.

The invention also provides a kit comprising, detection agents for detecting at least one polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 12.

The invention also provides a kit comprising, (a) means for determining the extent of expression of at least one polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 1-17, and (b) means for determining the extent of expression of at least one biomarker from anyone of Tables 1-12 or Tables 16-23.

The invention also provides a kit comprising, (a) detection agents for detecting at least one polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 1-17, and (b) detection agents for detecting at least one biomarker from anyone of Tables 1-12 or Tables 16-23.

The invention further provides for kits containing biomarkers and/or polypeptides from a plurality of the above Tables.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A shows the average fluorescence intensity level of the biomarkers in the normal (NO) population from Example 1, as well as the standard deviation and relative standard deviation.

FIG. 1B shows the average fluorescence intensity level of the biomarkers in the non-small cell lung cancer (LC) population from Example 1, as well as the standard deviation and relative standard deviation.

FIG. 1C shows the average fluorescence intensity level of the biomarkers in the asthma (AST) population from Example 1, as well as the standard deviation and relative standard deviation.

FIG. 1D shows the percent change in the mean of fluorescence intensity for each of the biomarkers in the LC population v. NO population, AST population v. NO population, and the LC population v. AST population from Example 1.

FIG. 1E shows the probability associated with Student's t values obtained by comparing the mean fluorescence intensity and variability measured for each biomarker in the populations from Example 1, where the populations to be compared are LC population v. NO population, AST population v. NO population, and the LC population v. AST population, respectively.

FIG. 2A shows the average fluorescence intensity level of the biomarkers in the normal (NO) population from Example 2, as well as the standard deviation and relative standard deviation.

FIG. 2B shows the average fluorescence intensity level of the biomarkers in the non-small cell lung cancer (LC) population from Example 2, as well as the standard deviation and relative standard deviation.

FIG. 2C shows the average fluorescence intensity level of the biomarkers in the asthma (AST) population from Example 2, as well as the standard deviation and relative standard deviation.

FIG. 2D shows the percent change in the mean of fluorescence intensity for each of the biomarkers in the LC population v. NO population, AST population v. NO population, and the AST v. LC population from Example 2.

FIG. 2E shows the probability associated with Student's t values obtained by comparing the mean fluorescence intensity and variability measured for each biomarker in the populations from Example 2, where the populations to be compared are LC population v. NO population, AST population v. NO population, and the AST population v. LC population, respectively.

FIG. 3A shows the average fluorescence intensity level of the biomarkers in the normal (NO) population from Example 3, as well as the standard deviation and relative standard deviation.

FIG. 3B shows the average fluorescence intensity level of the biomarkers in the non-small cell lung cancer (LC) population from Example 3, as well as the standard deviation and relative standard deviation.

FIG. 3C shows the average fluorescence intensity level of the biomarkers in the asthma (AST) population from Example 3, as well as the standard deviation and relative standard deviation.

FIG. 3D shows the percent change in the mean of fluorescence intensity for each of the biomarkers in the AST population v. NO population, LC population v. NO populations, and the AST population v. LC population from Example 3.

FIG. 3E shows the probability associated with Student's t values obtained by comparing the mean fluorescence intensity and variability measured for each biomarker in the populations from Example 3, where the populations to be compared are AST population v. NO population, LC population v. NO population, and the AST v. LC population, respectively.

FIG. 4A shows the average fluorescence intensity level of the biomarkers in the normal (NO) female population from Example 3, as well as the standard deviation and relative standard deviation.

FIG. 4B shows the average fluorescence intensity level of the biomarkers in the non-small cell lung cancer (LC) female population from Example 3, as well as the standard deviation and relative standard deviation.

FIG. 4C shows the average fluorescence intensity level of the biomarkers in the asthma (AST) female population from Example 3, as well as the standard deviation and relative standard deviation.

FIG. 4D shows the percent change in the mean of fluorescence intensity for each of the biomarkers in the AST population v. NO female population, LC population v. NO female population, and the AST population v. LC female population from Example 3.

FIG. 4E shows the probability associated with Student's t values obtained by comparing the mean fluorescence intensity and variability measured for each biomarker in the female populations from Example 3, where the populations to be compared are AST population v. NO female population, LC population v. NO female population, and the AST population v. LC female population, respectively.

FIG. 5A shows the average fluorescence intensity level of the biomarkers in the normal (NO) male population from Example 3, as well as the standard deviation and relative standard deviation.

FIG. 5B shows the average fluorescence intensity level of the biomarkers in the non-small cell lung cancer (LC) male population from Example 3, as well as the standard deviation and relative standard deviation.

FIG. 5C shows the average fluorescence intensity level of the biomarkers in the asthma (AST) male population from Example 3, as well as the standard deviation and relative standard deviation.

FIG. 5D shows the percent change in the mean of fluorescence intensity for each of the biomarkers in the AST population v. NO male population, LC population v. NO male population, and the AST population v. LC male population from Example 3.

FIG. 5E shows the probability associated with Student's t values obtained by comparing the mean fluorescence intensity and variability measured for each biomarker in the male populations from Example 3, where the populations to be compared are AST v. NO male populations, LC v. NO male populations, and the LC v. AST male populations, respectively.

FIG. 6A shows the percent change in the mean of fluorescence intensity for each of the biomarkers in the AST male population compared to the AST female population, the LC male population compared to the LC female population, and the NO male population compared to the NO female population from Example 3.

FIG. 6B shows the probability associated with Student's t values obtained by comparing the mean fluorescence intensity and variability measured for each biomarker in the male and female populations from Example 3, where the populations to be compared are the AST male and female populations, LC male and female populations, and the NO male and female populations, respectively.

FIG. 7A shows the percent change in the mean concentration of each of the biomarkers in the LC v. NO female populations, AST v. NO female populations, and the AST v. LC female populations of Example 3.

FIG. 7B shows the probability associated with the Kruskal-Wallis test calculated by comparing the concentration measured for each biomarker in the female populations of Example 3, where the populations to be compared are AST v. NO female populations, LC v. NO female populations, and the AST v. LC female populations, respectively.

FIG. 8A shows the percent change in the mean concentration of each of the biomarkers in the LC v. NO male populations, AST v. NO male populations, and the AST v. LC male populations of Example 3.

FIG. 8B shows the probability associated with the Kruskal-Wallis test calculated by comparing the concentration measured for each biomarker in the male populations of Example 3, where the populations to be compared are AST v. NO male populations, LC v. NO male populations, and the AST v. LC male populations, respectively.

FIG. 9 shows relationships between the biomarkers of Table 16B.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to various methods of detection, identification, assessment, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of lung disease using biomarkers including gender-based disease detection, identification, assessment, prevention, and diagnosis, and treatment. These methods involve determining the extent of expression of specific biomarkers for which an altered expression is indicative of non-small cell lung cancer and/or reactive airway disease (e.g., asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, etc.). The invention also provides for various kits comprising detection agents for detecting these biomarkers, or means for determining the extent of expression of these biomarkers.

DEFINITIONS

As used herein, a “biomarker” or “marker” is a biological molecule that is objectively measured as a characteristic indicator of the physiological status of a biological system. For purposes of the present disclosure biological molecules include ions, small molecules, peptides, proteins, peptides and proteins bearing post-translational modifications, nucleosides, nucleotides and polynucleotides including RNA and DNA, glycoproteins, lipoproteins, as well as various covalent and non-covalent modifications of these types of molecules. Biological molecules include any of these entities native to, characteristic of and/or essential to the function of a biological system. The majority of biomarkers are polypeptides, although they may also be mRNA or modified mRNA which represents the pre-translation form of the gene product expressed as the polypeptide, or they may include post-translational modifications of the polypeptide.

As used herein, a “subject” means any animal, but is preferably a mammal, such as, for example, a human. In many embodiments, the subject will be a human patient having, or at-risk of having, a lung disease.

As used herein, a “physiological sample” includes samples from biological fluids and tissues. Biological fluids include whole blood, blood plasma, blood serum, sputum, urine, sweat, lymph, and alveolar lavage. Tissue samples include biopsies from solid lung tissue or other solid tissues, lymph node biopsy tissues, biopsies of metastatic foci. Method of obtaining physiological samples are well known.

As used herein, “therapeutic intervention” includes administration of one or more therapeutic agents such as a small molecule or macromolecule, radiation, surgery, or any combinations thereof.

As used herein, “detection agents” include reagents and systems that specifically detect the biomarkers described herein. Detection agents include reagents such as antibodies, nucleic acid probes, aptamers, lectins, or other reagents that have specific affinity for a particular marker or markers sufficient to discriminate between the particular marker and other markers which might be in samples of interest, and systems such as sensors, including sensors making use of bound or otherwise immobilized ligands as described above.

Identification of Biomarkers

The biomarkers of the invention were identified using two methods. First, identification of biomarkers indicative of non-small cell lung cancers and/or asthma was made by comparing the measured expression levels of fifty-nine selected biomarkers in the plasma of patients from populations who had been diagnosed with those respective pathologies to a population who had not been diagnosed with the pathologies, as confirmed by a physician. This method is detailed in Examples 1-3.

Second, biomarkers were identified using mass spectrometry. Identification of proteins indicative of non-small cell lung cancers and/or asthma was made by comparing the mass spectral data for tryptic peptide digests of samples obtained from patients in different physiological states. In particular, the data was the mass of peptide fragments, represented as graphical indications of the intensities of the pseudo or protonated molecular ion signals of peptides and proteins containing those fragments expressed across time in a single dimension. The expression levels of thousands of proteins were compared, resulting in the identification of seventeen proteins which were expressed in substantially differing intensities between populations of individuals not having any diagnosed lung tissue pathologies, populations of individuals having asthma, as diagnosed by a physician, and populations of individuals having non-small cell lung cancers, as diagnosed by a physician. This method is detailed in Examples 6 and 7.

First Order Interactors

To promote and control the multitude of cellular and organismal physiological functions necessary to maintain life, biological molecules must interact with each other. These interactions can be considered a type of communication. In this communication the various biological molecules can be considered messages. These molecules, as a necessary part of their signal transduction functions, necessarily interact with a broad variety of targets including other types of biological molecules.

One type of interacting molecule is commonly known as a receptor. Another type of direct intermolecular interaction is the binding of a co-factor to an enzyme. These intermolecular interactions form networks of signaling molecules that work together to carry out and control the essential life functions of cells and organisms. The particular biomarkers of this invention are linked physiologically to other biomarkers whose level increases or decreases in a fashion coordinated with the level of particular biomarkers. These other biomarkers are called “first order interactors” with respect to the particular biomarkers of the invention.

“First order interactors” are those molecular entities that interact directly with a particular biological molecule. For instance the drug morphine interacts directly with opiate receptors resulting ultimately in the diminishment of the sensation of pain. Thus, the opiate receptors are first order interactors under the definition of “first order interactor.” First order interactors include both upstream and downstream direct neighbors for said biomarkers in the communication pathways in which they interact. These entities encompass proteins, nucleic acids and small molecules which may be connected by relationships that include but are not limited to direct (or indirect) regulation, expression, chemical reaction, molecular synthesis, binding, promoter binding, protein modification and molecular transport. Groups of biomarkers whose levels are coordinated are well known to those skilled in the art and those knowledgeable in physiology and cellular biology. Indeed, first order interactors for a particular biomarker are known in the art and can found using various databases and available bioinformatics software such as ARIADNE PATHWAY STUDIO, ExPASY Proteomics Server Qlucore Omics Explorer, Protein Prospector, PQuad, ChEMBL, and others. (see, e.g., ARIADNE PATHWAY STUDIO, Ariadne, Inc., <www.ariadne.genomics.com> or ChEMBL Database, European Bioinformatics Institute, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, <www.ebi.ac.uk>).

When the levels of the particular biomarkers of this invention are abnormal, levels of first order interactor biomarkers whose expression is coordinated with the particular biomarkers are also abnormal. Therefore, determination that levels of a particular biomarker are abnormal may be accomplished by measuring the level of a first order interactor coordinated therewith. The skilled person will of course confirm that the level of a first order interactor which is used in lieu or in addition to a particular biomarker will vary in a defined and reproducible way consistent with the behavior of the particular biomarker.

The invention provides that for any of the methods described herein, the methods to be performed with a particular biomarker may alternatively be performed with the first order interactors of that particular biomarker. For example, the invention provides for methods of physiological characterization comprising determining the extent of expression of HGF. As such, the invention also provides for methods of physiological characterization comprising determining the extent of expression of a first order interactor of HGF. The first order interactors of HGF include, but are not limited to those identified in Example 12.

Tables Identifying Significant Biomarkers

Table 1A lists biomarkers whose expression levels have a significant or marginally significant difference between at least one of AST v. NO populations, LC v. NO populations, and AST v. LC populations. Significance was determined as shown in Examples 1-3 using a Student's t test. Markers are listed in descending order based on the significance and magnitude of the difference in fluorescence intensity.

TABLE 1A SIGNIFICANT BIOMARKERS FOR LUNG DISEASE No. Biomarker 1 IL-13 2 I-TAC 3 MCP-1 4 MMP-1 5 MPO 6 HGF 7 Eotaxin 8 MMP-9 9 MMP-7 10 IP-10 11 SAA 12 Resistin 13 IL-5 14 Leptin 15 sVCAM-1 16 Adiponectin 17 CRP 18 C-Peptide 19 MMP-3 20 SAP 21 IL-1ra 22 IL-15 23 EGF 24 IL12 (p70) 25 MMP-8 26 IL-8 27 IL-6 28 MMP-12 29 PAI-1 30 Amylin (Total) 31 IL-1α 32 sFSl 33 IL-4 34 MIP-1β 35 IL-10 36 SE-selectin 37 IL-17 38 GM-CSF 39 G-CSF 40 TGF-α 41 IFN-γ 42 Fractalkine 43 VEGF 44 IL-7 45 IL-12 (p40) 46 Sfas 47 MIF 48 IL-1β 49 IL-2 50 MIP-1α 51 Insulin 52 GLP-1 53 sCD40 ligand

Table 1B lists biomarkers whose expression levels have a significant difference between the AST v. NO populations, LC v. NO populations, and AST v. LC populations. Significance was determined as shown in Examples 1-3 using a Student's t test. Marginally significant biomarkers are not included. Markers are listed in descending order based on the magnitude of the difference in fluorescence intensity.

TABLE 1B SIGNIFICANT BIOMARKERS FOR LUNG DISEASE No. Biomarker 1 IL-13 2 I-TAC 3 MCP-1 4 MMP-1 5 MPO 6 HGF 7 Eotaxin 8 MMP-9 9 MMP-7 10 IP-10 11 SAA 12 Resistin 13 IL-5 14 Leptin 15 sVCAM-1 16 Adiponectin 17 CRP 18 C-Peptide 19 MMP-3 20 SAP 21 IL-1ra 22 IL-15

Table 1C lists biomarkers whose expression levels have a significant or marginally significant difference between the AST v. NO populations and LC v. NO populations. Significance was determined as shown in Examples 1-3 using a Student's t test. Markers are listed in descending order based on the magnitude of the difference in fluorescence intensity.

TABLE 1C SIGNIFICANT BIOMARKERS FOR LUNG DISEASE No. Biomarker 1 EGF 2 IL12 (p70) 3 IL-8 4 IL-6 5 MMP-12 6 PAI-1 7 Amylin (Total) 8 IL-4 9 MIP-1β 10 IL-10 11 SE-selectin 12 IL-17 13 GM-CSF 14 G-CSF 15 TGF-α 16 IFN-γ 17 Fractalkine 18 VEGF 19 IL-12 (p40) 20 IL-7 21 Insulin

Table 2 lists biomarkers whose expression levels have a significant or marginally significant difference between the AST v. NO populations. Significance was determined as shown in Examples 1-3 using a Student's t test. Markers are listed in descending order based on the magnitude of the difference in fluorescence intensity.

TABLE 2 SIGNIFICANT BIOMARKERS INDICATIVE OF REACTIVE AIRWAY DISEASE No. Biomarker 1 IL-13 2 I-TAC 3 EGF 4 MCP-1 5 HGF 6 MPO 7 IL12 (p70) 8 MMP-9 9 IL-8 10 Eotaxin 11 IL-6 12 IP-10 13 IL-1α 14 PAI-1 15 Resistin 16 sFSl 17 IL-5 18 Amylin (Total) 19 MMP-1 20 MMP-12 21 IL-4 22 SAA 23 MMP-7 24 IL-7 25 sVCAM-1 26 SE-selectin 27 Leptin 28 Adiponectin 29 IL-17 30 CRP 31 GM-CSF 32 MIP-1β 33 TGF-α 34 IL-10 35 Fractalkine 36 IFN-γ 37 C-Peptide 38 VEGF 39 G-CSF 40 IL-1ra 41 IL-15 42 MMP-3 43 IL-12 (p40) 44 SAP 45 Insulin

Table 3 lists biomarkers whose expression levels have a significant or marginally significant difference between the LC v. NO populations. Significance was determined as shown in Examples 1-3 using a Student's t test. Markers are listed in descending order based on the magnitude of the difference in fluorescence intensity.

TABLE 3 SIGNIFICANT BIOMARKERS FOR NON- SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER (NSCLC) No. Biomarker 1 IL-13 2 EGF 3 I-TAC 4 MMP-1 5 IL12 (p70) 6 Eotaxin 7 MMP-8 8 MCP-1 9 MPO 10 IP-10 11 SAA 12 HGF 13 MMP-9 14 MMP-12 15 Amylin (Total) 16 PAI-1 17 MMP-7 18 IL-6 19 MIP-1β 20 Adiponectin 21 IL-10 22 CRP 23 Resistin 24 MIF 25 IL-5 26 IL-4 27 Leptin 28 SE-selectin 29 MIP-1α 30 C-Peptide 31 IL-1ra 32 SAP 33 G-CSF 34 IL-17 35 MMP-3 36 IFN-γ 37 TGF-α 38 sVCAM-1 39 IL-15 40 GM-CSF 41 Fractalkine 42 IL-1β 43 VEGF 44 GLP-1 45 IL-7 46 Insulin 47 IL-12 (p40) 48 IL-8

Table 4 lists biomarkers whose expression levels have a significant or marginally significant difference between the AST v. LC populations. Significance was determined as shown in Examples 1-3 using a Student's t test. Markers are listed in descending order based on the magnitude of the difference in fluorescence intensity.

TABLE 4 SIGNIFICANT BIOMARKERS DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN REACTIVE AIRWAY DISEASE AND NSCLC No. Biomarker 1 MMP-7 2 MMP-1 3 SAA 4 MMP-8 5 IL-8 6 MCP-1 7 Leptin 8 IL-1α 9 HGF 10 I-TAC 11 sVCAM-1 12 MPO 13 sFSl 14 C-Peptide 15 IL-13 16 Resistin 17 MMP-3 18 IL-5 19 SAP 20 Eotaxin 21 MMP-9 22 CRP 23 Adiponectin 24 IP-10 25 IL-1ra 26 Sfas 27 IL-2 28 IL-15 29 IL12 (p70) 30 IL-6 31 sCD40 ligand 32 VEGF

Table 5A lists biomarkers whose expression levels have a significant or marginally significant difference between at least one of AST v. NO male populations, LC v. NO male populations, and AST v. LC male populations. Significance was determined as shown in Examples 1-3 using a Student's t test. Markers are listed in descending order based on the significance and magnitude of the difference in fluorescence intensity.

TABLE 5A SIGNIFICANT BIOMARKERS FOR LUNG DISEASE IN THE MALE POPULATION No. Biomarker 1 I-TAC 2 MPO 3 HGF 4 MMP-1 5 MMP-8 6 Eotaxin 7 IL-8 8 MMP-7 9 PAI-1 10 IP-10 11 sVCAM-1 12 IL-10 13 Adiponectin 14 SAP 15 IFN-γ 16 IL-13 17 EGF 18 MCP-1 19 MIF 20 IL-12(p70) 21 MMP-9 22 IL-6 23 Amylin (Total) 24 SAA 25 IL-1α 26 TNF-α 27 IL-5 28 Resistin 29 IL-1β 30 IL-7 31 IL-4 32 MIP-1β 33 Leptin 34 GM-CSF 35 G-CSF 36 TGF-α 37 IL-17 38 CRP 39 IL-15 40 VEGF 41 Fractalkine 42 MMP-3 43 IL-12 (p40) 44 C-Peptide 45 IL-1ra 46 GLP-1 47 MIP-1α 48 sFSl 49 Insulin 50 Sfas 51 SE-selectin 52 MMP-12

Table 5B lists biomarkers whose expression levels have a significant difference between the AST v. NO male populations, LC v. NO male populations, and AST v. LC male populations. Significance was determined as shown in Examples 1-3 using a Student's t test. Marginally significant biomarkers are not included. Markers are listed in descending order based on the magnitude of the difference in fluorescence intensity.

TABLE 5B SIGNIFICANT BIOMARKERS FOR LUNG DISEASE IN THE MALE POPULATION No. Biomarker 1 I-TAC 2 MPO 3 HGF 4 MMP-1 5 MMP-8 6 Eotaxin 7 IL-8 8 MMP-7 9 PAI-1 10 IP-10 11 sVCAM-1 12 IL-10 13 Adiponectin 14 SAP 15 IFN-γ

Table 5C lists biomarkers whose expression levels have a significant or marginally significant difference between the AST v. NO male populations and LC v. NO male populations. Significance was determined as shown in Examples 1-3 using a Student's t test. Markers are listed in descending order based on the magnitude of the difference in fluorescence intensity.

TABLE 5C SIGNIFICANT BIOMARKERS FOR LUNG DISEASE IN THE MALE POPULATION No. Biomarker 1 IL-13 2 EGF 3 MCP-1 4 MIF 5 IL-12(p70) 6 MMP-9 7 IL-6 8 TNF-α 9 IL-5 10 Resistin 11 IL-1β 12 IL-7 13 IL-4 14 MIP-1β 15 Leptin 16 GM-CSF 17 G-CSF 18 TGF-α 19 IL-17 20 IL-15 21 VEGF 22 Fractalkine 23 IL-12 (p40) 24 MIP-1α

Table 6 lists biomarkers whose expression levels have a significant or marginally significant difference between the AST v. NO male populations. Significance was determined as shown in Examples 1-3 using a Student's t test. Markers are listed in descending order based on the magnitude of the difference in fluorescence intensity.

TABLE 6 SIGNIFICANT BIOMARKERS FOR REACTIVE AIRWAY DISEASE IN THE MALE POPULATION No. Biomarker 1 IL-13 2 I-TAC 3 MPO 4 HGF 5 EGF 6 MCP-1 7 IL-8 8 MIF 9 IL-6 10 MMP-9 11 IL-12(p70) 12 Eotaxin 13 IL-1α 14 PAI-1 15 MMP-8 16 TNF-α 17 IL-5 18 MMP-1 19 IL-1β 20 sFSl 21 Resistin 22 IL-7 23 IL-4 24 IP-10 25 MIP-1β 26 GM-CSF 27 G-CSF 28 TGF-α 29 Leptin 30 IL-17 31 sVCAM-1 32 GLP-1 33 IL-15 34 MMP-7 35 VEGF 36 IL-10 37 Fractalkine 38 IL-12 (p40) 39 IFN-γ 40 Adiponectin 41 SE-selectin 42 SAP 43 MIP-1α

Table 7 lists biomarkers whose expression levels have a significant or marginally significant difference between the LC v. NO male populations. Significance was determined as shown in Examples 1-3 using a Student's t test. Markers are listed in descending order based on the magnitude of the difference in fluorescence intensity.

TABLE 7 SIGNIFICANT BIOMARKERS FOR NSCLC IN THE MALE POPULATION No. Biomarker 1 IL-13 2 I-TAC 3 EGF 4 MPO 5 HGF 6 MMP-1 7 MMP-8 8 MIF 9 Eotaxin 10 IL-12(p70) 11 MCP-1 12 MMP-9 13 PAI-1 14 SAA 15 IP-10 16 Amylin (Total) 17 MMP-7 18 Resistin 19 IL-6 20 MIP-1β 21 TNF-α 22 Leptin 23 IL-8 24 1L-5 25 CRP 26 IL-10 27 Adiponectin 28 IL-7 29 IL-4 30 MMP-3 31 G-CSF 32 MIP-1α 33 IL-17 34 IFN-γ 35 IL-1ra 36 C-Peptide 37 TGF-α 38 IL-15 39 Fractalkine 40 IL-1β 41 GM-CSF 42 sVCAM-1 43 SAP 44 VEGF 45 IL-12 (p40) 46 Insulin 47 MMP-12

Table 8 lists biomarkers whose expression levels have a significant or marginally significant difference between the AST v. LC male populations. Significance was determined as shown in Examples 1-3 using a Student's t test. Markers are listed in descending order based on the magnitude of the difference in fluorescence intensity.

TABLE 8 SIGNIFICANT BIOMARKERS DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN REACTIVE AIRWAY DISEASE AND NSCLC IN THE MALE POPULATION No. Biomarker 1 MMP-1 2 MMP-8 3 MMP-7 4 Amylin (Total) 5 SAA 6 IL-8 7 Insulin 8 IL-1α 9 sVCAM-1 10 IP-10 11 CRP 12 MPO 13 MMP-3 14 Eotaxin 15 SAP 16 HGF 17 C-Peptide 18 I-TAC 19 Sfas 20 PAI-1 21 IL-1ra 22 Adiponectin 23 IFN-γ 24 IL-10 25 GLP-1 26 IL-6 27 IL-13 28 IL-15

Table 9A lists biomarkers whose expression levels have a significant or marginally significant difference between at least one of AST v. NO female populations, LC v. NO female populations, and AST v. LC female populations. Significance was determined as shown in Examples 1-3 using a Student's t test. Markers are listed in descending order based on the significance and magnitude of the difference in fluorescence intensity.

TABLE 9A SIGNIFICANT BIOMARKERS FOR LUNG DISEASE IN THE FEMALE POPULATION No. Biomarker 1 I-TAC 2 Leptin 3 IP-10 4 MMP-7 5 SAA 6 MPO 7 Eotaxin 8 MMP-9 9 Adiponectin 10 CRP 11 C-Peptide 12 sVCAM-1 13 IL-15 14 IL-1ra 15 IL-13 16 EGF 17 IL-12(p70) 18 MCP-1 19 MMP-1 20 HGF 21 IL-8 22 Resistin 23 sFSl 24 PAI-1 25 MIF 26 SE-selectin 27 G-CSF 28 SAP 29 MMP-3 30 GM-CSF 31 sICAM-1 32 TNF-α 33 IL-10 34 MIP-1β 35 IL-1α 36 sCD40 ligand 37 IL-6 38 MMP-12 39 MMP-2 40 IL-5 41 IL-4 42 Sfas 43 MMP-8 44 IL-1β 45 IL-12 (p40) 46 IL-2 47 VEGF 48 TGF-α 49 IFN-γ 50 GLP-1 51 Amylin (Total) 52 Insulin

Table 9B lists biomarkers whose expression levels have a significant difference between the AST v. NO female populations, LC v. NO female populations, and AST v. LC female populations. Significance was determined as shown in Examples 1-3 using a Student's t test. Marginally significant biomarkers are not included. Markers are listed in descending order based on the magnitude of the difference in fluorescence intensity.

TABLE 9B SIGNIFICANT BIOMARKERS FOR LUNG DISEASE IN THE FEMALE POPULATION No. Biomarker 1 I-TAC 2 Leptin 3 IP-10 4 MMP-7 5 SAA 6 MPO 7 Eotaxin 8 MMP-9 9 Adiponectin 10 CRP 11 C-Peptide 12 sVCAM-1 13 IL-15 14 IL-1ra

Table 9C lists biomarkers whose expression levels have a significant or marginally significant difference between the AST v. NO female populations and LC v. NO female populations. Significance was determined as shown in Examples 1-3 using a Student's t test. Markers are listed in descending order based on the magnitude of the difference in fluorescence intensity.

TABLE 9C SIGNIFICANT BIOMARKERS FOR LUNG DISEASE IN THE FEMALE POPULATION No. Biomarker 1 IL-13 2 EGF 3 IL-12(p70) 4 MCP-1 5 PAI-1 6 MIF 7 SE-selectin 8 G-CSF 9 GM-CSF 10 sICAM-1 11 IL-2 12 TGF-α

Table 10 lists biomarkers whose expression levels have a significant or marginally significant difference between the AST v. NO female populations. Significance was determined as shown in Examples 1-3 using a Student's t test. Markers are listed in descending order based on the magnitude of the difference in fluorescence intensity.

TABLE 10 SIGNIFICANT BIOMARKERS FOR REACTIVE AIRWAY DISEASE IN THE FEMALE POPULATION No. Biomarker 1 IL-13 2 I-TAC 3 EGF 4 MCP-1 5 Leptin 6 IL-12(p70) 7 IP-10 8 MPO 9 HGF 10 MMP-9 11 Eotaxin 12 SAA 13 Resistin 14 sFSl 15 PAI-1 16 MMP-2 17 MMP-7 18 CRP 19 sCD40 ligand 20 MIF 21 SE-selectin 22 sVCAM-1 23 IL-5 24 C-Peptide 25 IL-4 26 Adiponectin 27 Sfas 28 TNF-α 29 G-CSF 30 MIP-1β 31 MMP-3 32 IL-15 33 IL-12 (p40) 34 IL-2 35 sICAM-1 36 IL-1β 37 GM-CSF 38 IL-1ra 39 VEGF 40 GLP-1 41 Amylin (Total) 42 IL-1α 43 Insulin 44 IL-6 45 TGF-α

Table 11 lists biomarkers whose expression levels have a significant or marginally significant difference between the LC v. NO female populations. Significance was determined as shown in Examples 1-3 using a Student's t test. Markers are listed in descending order based on the magnitude of the difference in fluorescence intensity.

TABLE 11 SIGNIFICANT BIOMARKERS FOR NSCLC IN THE FEMALE POPULATION No. Biomarker 1 IL-13 2 EGF 3 IL-12(p70) 4 I-TAC 5 SAA 6 IP-10 7 MMP-1 8 MCP-1 9 Eotaxin 10 Leptin 11 MMP-9 12 Adiponectin 13 MMP-7 14 MPO 15 IL-8 16 CRP 17 MMP-12 18 MIF 19 SE-selectin 20 PAI-1 21 SAP 22 IL-1ra 23 C-Peptide 24 sICAM-1 25 sVCAM-1 26 IL-15 27 G-CSF 28 GM-CSF 29 IFN-γ 30 IL-2 31 TGF-α

Table 12 lists biomarkers whose expression levels have a significant or marginally significant difference between the AST v. LC female populations. Significance was determined as shown in Examples 1-3 using a Student's t test. Markers are listed in descending order based on the magnitude of the difference in fluorescence intensity.

TABLE 12 SIGNIFICANT BIOMARKERS DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN REACTIVE AIRWAY DISEASE AND NSCLC IN THE FEMALE POPULATION No. Biomarker 1 MMP-7 2 MMP-1 3 IL-8 4 IL-10 5 SAA 6 HGF 7 I-TAC 8 Leptin 9 Resistin 10 sFSl 11 MPO 12 C-Peptide 13 sVCAM-1 14 IL-1α 15 Adiponectin 16 MMP-8 17 IL-15 18 SAP 19 MMP-3 20 MMP-9 21 Eotaxin 22 IL-1ra 23 CRP 24 IP-10 25 IL-6 26 MIP-1β 27 IL-13 28 IL-5 29 PAI-1 30 IFN-γ

Table 13A lists biomarkers whose expression levels have a significant or marginally difference between male and female AST populations. Significance was determined as shown in Examples 1-3 using a Student's t test. Markers are listed in descending order based on the magnitude of the difference in fluorescence intensity.

TABLE 13A BIOMARKERS WITH SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE REACTIVE AIRWAY DISEASE POPULATIONS No. Biomarker 1 IL-6 2 IL-1α 3 IL-5 4 G-CSF 5 IL-4 6 IL-7 7 Leptin 8 GM-CSF 9 MIF 10 IL-15 11 TGF-α 12 MIP-1β 13 MMP-1 14 sCD40 ligand 15 MMP-2 16 VEGF 17 IL-12 (p40) 18 Sfas 19 Resistin 20 I-TAC 21 IL-17 22 HGF 23 MMP-9 24 IP-10 25 CRP 26 C-Peptide 27 sVCAM-1 28 PAI-1 29 SAP 30 IL-10 31 Fractalkine 32 Amylin (Total) 33 MPO

Table 13B lists biomarkers whose expression levels have an insignificant difference between male and female AST populations. Significance was determined as shown in Examples 1-3 using a Student's t test. Markers are listed in descending order based on the magnitude of the difference in fluorescence intensity.

TABLE 13B BIOMARKERS WITH INSIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE REACTIVE AIRWAY DISEASE POPULATIONS No. Biomarkers 1 Adiponectin 2 MMP-3 3 IL-1ra 4 IFN-γ 5 SE-selectin 6 IL-2 7 IL-13 8 SAA 9 Eotaxin 10 sICAM-1 11 EGF 12 MMP-7 13 IL-12(p70) 14 MMP-12 15 sFSl 16 IL-8 17 MMP-13 18 Insulin 19 MMP-8 20 MCP-1 21 GLP-1 22 IL-1β 23 TNF-α 24 MIP-1α

Table 14A lists biomarkers whose expression levels have a significant or marginally significant difference between male and female LC populations. Significance was determined as shown in Examples 1-3 using a Student's t test. Markers are listed in descending order based on the magnitude of the difference in fluorescence intensity.

TABLE 14A BIOMARKERS WITH SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE NSCLC POPULATIONS No. Biomarker 1 HGF 2 MMP-1 3 Leptin 4 PAI-1 5 Resistin 6 IP-10 7 Adiponectin 8 MIF 9 IL-8 10 IL-10 11 MIP-1α 12 SAA 13 I-TAC 14 MMP-3 15 IL-1β

Table 14B lists biomarkers whose expression levels have an insignificant difference between male and female LC populations. Significance was determined as shown in Examples 1-3 using a Student's t test. Markers are listed in descending order based on the magnitude of the difference in fluorescence intensity.

TABLE 14B BIOMARKERS WITH INSIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE NSCLC POPULATIONS No. Biomarker 1 IL-15 2 Eotaxin 3 Fractalkine 4 sICAM-1 5 IL-1ra 6 GM-CSF 7 IL-12 (p40) 8 TGF-α 9 MPO 10 IL-13 11 MMP-7 12 IL-17 13 IL-2 14 SAP 15 IFN-γ 16 sVCAM-1 17 CRP 18 MCP-1 19 VEGF 20 C-Peptide 21 G-CSF 22 Sfas 23 IL-6 24 SE-selectin 25 EGF 26 MMP-9 27 Insulin 28 MMP-8 29 GLP-1 30 IL-5 31 MMP-2 32 IL-4 33 MIP-1β 34 IL-12(p70) 35 sCD40 ligand 36 IL-1α 37 IL-7 38 MMP-12 39 TNF-α 40 Amylin (Total) 41 sFSl 42 MMP-13

Table 15A lists biomarkers ranked, in ascending order, by the relative standard deviation in fluorescence intensity for the normal population.

TABLE 15A BIOMARKERS RANKED BY RELATIVE STANDARD DEVIATION IN FLUORESCENCE INTENSITY FOR THE NORMAL POPULATION No. Biomarker 1 G-CSF 2 IL-15 3 Fractalkine 4 TGF-α 5 SAP 6 IL-10 7 VEGF 8 IL-12 (p40), free 9 sVCAM-1 10 IL-17 11 TNF-α 12 MMP-3 13 IFN-γ 14 IL-1β 15 C-Peptide 16 IL-7 17 GM-CSF 18 MIP-1β 19 sICAM-1 20 MMP-7 21 IL-4 22 MCP-1 23 Adiponectin 24 MIP-1α 25 Resistin 26 CRP 27 SE-selectin 28 IL-1ra 29 IL-5 30 Eotaxin 31 PAI-1 32 sFSl 33 Leptin 34 IL-6 35 MMP-9 36 IP-10 37 Insulin 38 EGF 39 MMP-1 40 GLP-1 41 SAA 42 IL-1α 43 MIF 44 MMP-12 45 Amylin (Total) 46 Sfas 47 MPO 48 IL-8 49 sCD40 ligand 50 MMP-2 51 HGF 52 MMP-13 53 IL-2 54 MMP-8 55 IL12 p40 56 IL-2 57 I-TAC

Table 15B lists biomarkers ranked, in ascending order, by the relative standard deviation in fluorescence intensity for the normal female population.

TABLE 15B BIOMARKERS RANKED BY RELATIVE STANDARD DEVIATION IN FLUORESCENCE INTENSITY FOR THE NORMAL FEMALE POPULATION No. Biomarker 1 G-CSF 2 IL-15 3 GM-CSF 4 IL-1ra 5 Fractalkine 6 IL-10 7 IL-2 8 TGF-α 9 VEGF 10 IL-12 (p40) 11 SAP 12 TNF-α 13 sVCAM-1 14 IL-17 15 MMP-3 16 IL-7 17 MIP-1β 18 C-Peptide 19 sICAM-1 20 IFN-γ 21 MMP-7 22 IL-1β 23 IL-4 24 Adiponectin 25 Resistin 26 Sfas 27 MCP-1 28 CRP 29 SE-selectin 30 MIP-1α 31 sFSl 32 Eotaxin 33 PAI-1 34 IP-10 35 IL-5 36 MMP-2 37 MMP-9 38 IL-6 39 MMP-1 40 EGF 41 IL-12(p70) 42 MIF 43 Leptin 44 sCD40 ligand 45 HGF 46 Insulin 47 MPO 48 SAA 49 GLP-1 50 IL-1α 51 MMP-8 52 I-TAC 53 IL-8 54 MMP-12 55 IL-13 56 Amylin (Total) 57 MMP-13

Table 15C lists biomarkers ranked, in ascending order, by the relative standard deviation in fluorescence intensity for the normal male population.

TABLE 15C BIOMARKERS RANKED BY RELATIVE STANDARD DEVIATION IN FLUORESCENCE INTENSITY FOR THE NORMAL MALE POPULATION No. Biomarker 1 IL-1β 2 IL-15 3 G-CSF 4 MIP-1α 5 TGF-α 6 Fractalkine 7 SAP 8 IFN-γ 9 IL-10 10 sVCAM-1 11 TNF-α 12 VEGF 13 IL-12 (p40) 14 MCP-1 15 MIP-1β 16 C-Peptide 17 MMP-3 18 IL-17 19 IL-7 20 sICAM-1 21 MIF 22 GM-CSF 23 MMP-7 24 IL-4 25 Adiponectin 26 SE-selectin 27 CRP 28 Resistin 29 MMP-8 30 HGF 31 Leptin 32 IL-5 33 Eotaxin 34 MMP-9 35 IL-1ra 36 PAI-1 37 sFSl 38 IL-6 39 Insulin 40 EGF 41 Amylin (Total) 42 MMP-1 43 IL-8 44 IP-10 45 SAA 46 GLP-1 47 MMP-12 48 IL-1α 49 MMP-13 50 sCD40 ligand 51 MMP-2 52 Sfas 53 MPO 54 IL-2 55 I-TAC 56 IL-12(p70) 57 IL-13

Table 16A lists biomarkers whose expression levels have a significant difference between at least one of AST v. NO male populations, LC v. NO male populations, and AST v. LC male populations. Significance was determined as shown in Example 4 using the Kruskal-Wallis method. Marginally significant biomarkers are not included. Markers are listed in descending order based on the significance and magnitude of the difference in fluorescence intensity.

TABLE 16A SIGNIFICANT BIOMARKERS FOR LUNG DISEASE IN THE MALE POPULATION No. Biomarker 1 HGF 2 MMP-8 3 I-TAC 4 EGF 5 PAI-1 6 MMP-1 7 MPO 8 MIF 9 Eotaxin 10 MMP-12 11 SAA 12 Resistin 13 sFSl 14 Leptin 15 C-Peptide 16 MMP-9 17 MCP-1 18 MMP-3 19 MIP-1α 20 MMP-13 21 G-CSF 22 IFN-γ 23 MMP-7 24 IP-10 25 CRP 26 Insulin 27 VEGF 28 SAP 29 Adiponectin 30 sVCAM-1 31 Sfas 32 IL-1ra 33 IL-12 (p40) 34 MIP-1β 35 sICAM-1

Table 16B lists biomarkers whose expression levels have a significant difference between the AST v. NO male populations, LC v. NO male populations, and AST v. LC male populations. Significance was determined as shown in Example 4 using the Kruskal-Wallis method. Marginally significant biomarkers are not included. Markers are listed in descending order based on the magnitude of the difference in fluorescence intensity.

TABLE 16B SIGNIFICANT BIOMARKERS FOR LUNG DISEASE IN THE MALE POPULATION No. Biomarker 1 HGF 2 MMP-8 3 I-TAC 4 EGF 5 PAI-1 6 MMP-1 7 MPO 8 MIF 9 Eotaxin 10 MMP-12 11 SAA 12 Resistin 13 sFSl 14 Leptin 15 C-Peptide

Table 16C lists biomarkers whose expression levels have a significant difference between the AST v. NO male populations and LC v. NO male populations. Significance was determined as shown in Example 4 using the Kruskal-Wallis method. Marginally significant biomarkers are not included. Markers are listed in descending order based on the magnitude of the difference in fluorescence intensity.

TABLE 16C SIGNIFICANT BIOMARKERS FOR LUNG DISEASE IN THE MALE POPULATION No. Biomarker 1 HGF 2 MMP-8 3 I-TAC 4 MMP-9 5 EGF 6 PAI-1 7 MMP-1 8 MPO 9 MIF 10 MCP-1 11 Eotaxin 12 MMP-3 13 MIP-1α 14 MMP-12 15 MMP-13 16 IP-10 17 VEGF 18 Resistin 19 sFSl 20 C-Peptide 21 Sfas 22 SAA 23 Insulin 24 SAP 25 Leptin

Table 17 lists biomarkers whose expression levels have a significant difference between the AST v. NO male populations. Significance was determined as shown in Example 4 using the Kruskal-Wallis method. Marginally significant biomarkers are not included. Markers are listed in descending order based on the magnitude of the difference in fluorescence intensity.

TABLE 17 SIGNIFICANT BIOMARKERS FOR REACTIVE AIRWAY DISEASE IN THE MALE POPULATION No. Biomarker 1 HGF 2 I-TAC 3 EGF 4 MMP-8 5 PAI-1 6 MPO 7 MMP-9 8 MCP-1 9 MIP-1α 10 Eotaxin 11 MMP-1 12 MIF 13 MMP-3 14 MMP-12 15 IP-10 16 sFSl 17 MMP-13 18 VEGF 19 C-Peptide 20 Resistin 21 sVCAM-1 22 G-CSF 23 Sfas 24 sICAM-1 25 Leptin 26 SAP 27 Insulin 28 IFN-γ 29 SAA

Table 18 lists biomarkers whose expression levels have a significant difference between the LC v. NO male populations. Significance was determined as shown in Example 4 using the Kruskal-Wallis method. Marginally significant biomarkers are not included. Markers are listed in descending order based on the magnitude of the difference in fluorescence intensity.

TABLE 18 SIGNIFICANT BIOMARKERS FOR NSCLC IN THE MALE POPULATION No. Biomarker 1 HGF 2 MMP-8 3 MMP-9 4 I-TAC 5 EGF 6 MMP-1 7 PAI-1 8 MPO 9 MIF 10 MMP-3 11 MMP-12 12 Eotaxin 13 MMP-13 14 MCP-1 15 MIP-1α 16 IP-10 17 MMP-7 18 Resistin 19 CRP 20 VEGF 21 SAA 22 Adiponectin 23 IL-1ra 24 Sfas 25 MIP-1β 26 sFSl 27 C-Peptide 28 Insulin 29 SAP 30 Leptin 31 IL-12 (p40) 32

Table 19 lists biomarkers whose expression levels have a significant difference between the AST v. LC male populations. Significance was determined as shown in Example 4 using the Kruskal-Wallis method. Marginally significant biomarkers are not included. Markers are listed in descending order based on the magnitude of the difference in fluorescence intensity.

TABLE 19 SIGNIFICANT BIOMARKERS DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN REACTIVE AIRWAY DISEASE AND NSCLC IN THE MALE POPULATION No. Biomarker 1 I-TAC 2 HGF 3 MPO 4 sFSl 5 PAI-1 6 C-Peptide 7 sVCAM-1 8 Eotaxin 9 EGF 10 Leptin 11 MIF 12 Resistin 13 Adiponectin 14 MMP-12 15 MMP-7 16 CRP 17 G-CSF 18 IFN-γ 19 SAA 20 MMP-1 21 MMP-8 22

Table 20A lists biomarkers whose expression levels have a significant difference between at least one of AST v. NO female populations, LC v. NO female populations, and AST v. LC female populations. Significance was determined as shown in Example 4 using the Kruskal-Wallis method. Marginally significant biomarkers are not included. Markers are listed in descending order based on the significance and magnitude of the difference in fluorescence intensity.

TABLE 20A SIGNIFICANT BIOMARKERS FOR LUNG DISEASE IN THE FEMALE POPULATION No. Biomarker 1 I-TAC 2 PAI-1 3 MMP-7 4 MMP-3 5 IL-8 6 MPO 7 Leptin 8 sFSl 9 HGF 10 Resistin 11 C-Peptide 12 MMP-13 13 SAP 14 sVCAM-1 15 MMP-8 16 IL-10 17 MMP-9 18 G-CSF 19 EGF 20 MCP-1 21 SAA 22 MMP-1 23 Fractalkine 24 IL-1α 25 CRP 26 MIP-1β 27 IP-10 28 IL-1ra 29 MIP-1α 30 VEGF 31 IFN-γ 32 Adiponectin 33 Eotaxin 34 IL-6 35 MMP-12 36 sICAM-1 37 MIF 38 Sfas 39 IL-12 (p40) 40 IL-4 41 Insulin

Table 20B lists biomarkers whose expression levels have a significant difference between the AST v. NO female populations, LC v. NO female populations, and AST v. LC female populations. Significance was determined as shown in Example 4 using the Kruskal-Wallis method. Marginally significant biomarkers are not included. Markers are listed in descending order based on the magnitude of the difference in fluorescence intensity.

TABLE 20B SIGNIFICANT BIOMARKERS FOR LUNG DISEASE IN THE FEMALE POPULATION No. Biomarker 1 I-TAC 2 PAI-1 3 MMP-7 4 MMP-3 5 IL-8 6 MPO 7 Leptin 8 sFSl 9 HGF 10 Resistin 11 C-Peptide 12 MMP-13 13 SAP 14 sVCAM-1 15 MMP-8

Table 20C lists biomarkers whose expression levels have a significant difference between the AST v. NO female populations and LC v. NO female populations. Significance was determined as shown in Example 4 using the Kruskal-Wallis method. Marginally significant biomarkers are not included. Markers are listed in descending order based on the magnitude of the difference in fluorescence intensity.

TABLE 20C SIGNIFICANT BIOMARKERS FOR LUNG DISEASE IN THE FEMALE POPULATION No. Biomarker 1 MMP-9 2 G-CSF 3 I-TAC 4 EGF 5 MCP-1 6 PAI-1 7 SAA 8 MPO 9 MMP-3 10 CRP 11 IP-10 12 Leptin 13 sFSl 14 IFN-γ 15 Adiponectin 16 Eotaxin 17 HGF 18 IL-8 19 Resistin 20 IL-6 21 Sfas 22 C-Peptide 23 MMP-7 24 sVCAM-1 25 sICAM-1 26 MMP-8 27 MIF 28 MMP-13 29 SAP 30 MIP-1α 31 VEGF 32 IL-1ra

Table 21 lists biomarkers whose expression levels have a significant difference between the AST v. NO female populations. Significance was determined as shown in Example 4 using the Kruskal-Wallis method. Marginally significant biomarkers are not included. Markers are listed in descending order based on the magnitude of the difference in fluorescence intensity.

TABLE 21 SIGNIFICANT BIOMARKERS FOR REACTIVE AIRWAY DISEASE IN THE FEMALE POPULATION No. Biomarker 1 MMP-9 2 I-TAC 3 EGF 4 PAI-1 5 MCP-1 6 G-CSF 7 IL-1α 8 MPO 9 IL-8 10 Leptin 11 sFSl 12 HGF 13 IP-10 14 Resistin 15 IFN-γ 16 SAA 17 CRP 18 Adiponectin 19 Eotaxin 20 C-Peptide 21 IL-6 22 sVCAM-1 23 IL-4 24 MMP-3 25 Sfas 26 MMP-8 27 sICAM-1 28 MIF 29 MMP-13 30 SAP 31 MMP-7 32 MIP-1α 33 VEGF 34 IL-1ra

Table 22 lists biomarkers whose expression levels have a significant difference between the LC v. NO female populations. Significance was determined as shown in Example 4 using the Kruskal-Wallis method. Marginally significant biomarkers are not included. Markers are listed in descending order based on the magnitude of the difference in fluorescence intensity.

TABLE 22 SIGNIFICANT BIOMARKERS FOR NSCLC IN THE FEMALE POPULATION No. Biomarker 1 MMP-9 2 G-CSF 3 EGF 4 IL-10 5 MCP-1 6 SAA 7 MMP-3 8 PAI-1 9 I-TAC 10 CRP 11 MMP-1 12 MPO 13 IP-10 14 Adiponectin 15 MMP-7 16 Eotaxin 17 IFN-γ 18 Leptin 19 MMP-12 20 IL-6 21 Sfas 22 sICAM-1 23 Resistin 24 MMP-8 25 sFSl 26 sVCAM-1 27 Fractalkine 28 HGF 29 MIF 30 MMP-13 31 C-Peptide 32 SAP 33 Insulin 34 IL-8 35 MIP-1α 36 MIP-1β 37 VEGF 38 IL-1ra

Table 23 lists biomarkers whose expression levels have a significant difference between the AST v. LC female populations. Significance was determined as shown in Example 4 using the Kruskal-Wallis method. Marginally significant biomarkers are not included. Markers are listed in descending order based on the magnitude of the difference in fluorescence intensity.

TABLE 23 SIGNIFICANT BIOMARKERS DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN REACTIVE AIRWAY DISEASE AND NSCLC IN THE FEMALE POPULATION No. Biomarker 1 IL-8 2 HGF 3 sFSl 4 I-TAC 5 C-Peptide 6 IL-1α 7 Resistin 8 IL-12 (p40) 9 Leptin 10 sVCAM-1 11 PAI-1 12 MPO 13 MMP-8 14 MMP-12 15 SAP 16 MMP-13 17 MIP-1β 18 MMP-1 19 MMP-3 20 Fractalkine 21 MMP-7 22 IL-10

Determining the Extent of Expression

Extent of expression generally relates to a quantitative measurement of an expression product which is typically a protein or polypeptide. The invention contemplates determining the extent of expression at the RNA (pre-translational) or protein level (which may include post-translational modification). In particular, the invention contemplates determining changes in biomarker concentrations reflected in an increase or decrease in the level of transcription, translation, post-transcriptional modification, or the extent or degree of degradation of protein, where these changes are associated with a particular disease state or disease progression.

Samples are collected to ensure that the extent of expression in a subject is proportional to the concentration of said biomarker in the sample. Measurements are made so that the measured value is proportional to the concentration of the biomarker in the sample. Thus, the measured value is proportional to the extent of expression. Selecting sampling techniques and measurement techniques which meet these requirements is within the skill of the art.

Typically, the extent of expression of at least one biomarker indicative of a lung disease is a level of at least one biomarker that differs by a statistically significant degree from the average expression level in normal individuals; in other words, at least one biomarker is statistically deviant from the normal. Statistical significance and deviation may be determined using any known method for comparing means of populations or comparing a measured value to the mean value for a population. Such methods include the Student's t tests for single and multiple markers considered together, analysis of variance (ANOVA), etc.

As an alternative to, or in combination with determining the extent of expression, methods described herein involve determining whether the level of a biomarker falls within a normal level (e.g., range) or is outside the normal level—(i.e., abnormal). Those who measure levels of biological molecules in physiological samples routinely determine the normal level of a particular biomarker in the population they regularly measure, typically described as the normal range of values as determined by the particular laboratory. Thus, the skilled person will inevitable be familiar with normal levels of a particular biomarker and can determine whether the level of the biomarker is outside of the normal level or range.

More typically, the extent of expression of at least one biomarker indicative of a lung disease is a level of at least one biomarker that also differs by a magnitude sufficient such that the differences are analytically significant from the average expression level in normal individuals such that a diagnosis, prognosis, and/or assessment of a lung disease may be determined. Those of skill in the art understand that greater differences in magnitude are preferred to assist in the diagnosis, prognosis, and/or assessment of a lung disease. See Instrumental Methods of Analysis, Seventh Edition, 1988.

Many proteins expressed by a normal subject will be expressed to a greater or lesser extent in subjects having a disease or condition, such as non-small cell lung cancer or asthma. One of skill in the art will appreciate that most diseases manifest changes in multiple, different biomarkers. As such, disease may be characterized by a pattern of expression of a plurality of markers. Indeed, changes in a pattern of expression for a plurality of biomarkers may be used in various diagnostic and prognostic methods, as well as monitoring, therapy selection, and patient assessment methods. The invention provides for such methods. These methods comprise determining a pattern of expression of a plurality of markers for a particular physiologic state, or determining changes in such a pattern which correlate to changes in physiologic state, as characterized by any technique for suitable pattern recognition.

Numerous methods of determining the extent of expression are known in the art. Means for determining expression include but are not limited to radio-immuno assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), high pressure liquid chromatography with radiometric or spectrometric detection via absorbance of visible or ultraviolet light, mass spectrometric qualitiative and quantitative analysis, western blotting, 1 or 2 dimensional gel electrophoresis with quantitative visualization by means of detection of radioactive, fluorescent or chemiluminescent probes or nuclei, antibody-based detection with absorptive or fluorescent photometry, quantitation by luminescence of any of a number of chemiluminescent reporter systems, enzymatic assays, immunoprecipitation or immuno-capture assays, solid and liquid phase immunoassays, protein arrays or chips, DNA arrays or chips, plate assays, assays that use molecules having binding affinity that permit discrimination such as aptamers and molecular imprinted polymers, and any other quantitative analytical determination of the concentration of a biomarker by any other suitable technique, instrumental actuation of any of the described detection techniques or instrumentation.

The step of determining the extent of expression may be performed by any means for determining expression known in the art, especially those means discussed herein. In preferred embodiments, the step of determining the extent of expression comprises performing an immunoassays with antibodies.

Selection of Biomarkers for Determination

One of skill in the art would readily be able to select appropriate antibodies for use in the present invention. The antibody chosen is preferably selective for an antigen of interest, possesses a high binding specificity for said antigen, and has minimal cross-reactivity with other antigens. The ability of an antibody to bind to an antigen of interest may be determined, for example, by known methods such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), flow cytometry, and immunohistochemistry. Preferably, the antigen of interest to which the antibody binds is differentially present in cells or biological samples taken from diseased patients as opposed to cells or biological samples taken from healthy patients. The differential presence of the antigen in different populations may be determined by comparing the binding of the antibody to samples taken from each of the populations of interest (e.g., the diseased population versus the healthy population). See, e.g., Examples 1-4; see also FIGS. 1-8. For example, the antigen of interest may be determined to be expressed at higher levels in cancer cells than in non-cancer cells. See, e.g., Examples 1-4; see also FIGS. 1-8. Furthermore, the antibody should have a relatively high binding specificity for the antigen of interest. The binding specificity of the antibody may be determined by known methods such as immunoprecipitation or by an in vitro binding assay, such as radioimmunoassay (RIA) or ELISA. Disclosure of methods for selecting antibodies capable of binding antigens of interest with high binding specificity and minimal cross-reactivity are provided, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 7,288,249, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

The invention provides for various methods comprising the step of determining the extent of expression of one or more biomarkers described herein. In one embodiment, the method comprises determining the extent of expression of any of the biomarkers from any number of Tables 1-14 or 16-23. The biomarkers in Tables 1-14 and 16-23 are generally listed in decreasing order of the extent of expression. The biomarkers closer to the top of these Tables generally show more sensitivity (e.g., detect differences at lower levels). Using such biomarkers may assist in discriminating between disease conditions. The biomarkers in Table 15 are listed in ascending order based on the relative standard deviation in fluorescence intensity. The biomarkers closer to the top of Table 15 are also generally more sensitive due to a lower degree of variance other than the variance which is due to the presence of a disease state. In particular, these biomarkers have less overall variability and thus are helpful in reducing background noise when comparing the extent of expression of diseased individuals as compared to the extent of expression in normal individuals.

Consequently, a preferred method comprises determining the extent of expression of biomarker nos. 1-20 of a particular Table, or the total list of biomarkers if the Table contains less than 20. Alternatively, this mode comprises determining the extent of expression of biomarker nos. 1-10, more preferably biomarker nos. 1-8, even more preferably biomarker nos. 1-6, and most preferably biomarker nos. 1-4, or a subset of the biomarkers in any of these groups. In another embodiment, the method comprises determining the extent of expression of any combination of biomarkers from a particular Table. In another embodiment, the method comprises determining the extent of expression of any combination of a plurality of biomarkers from biomarker nos. 1-20 (or the maximum list if less than 20) of a particular Table, preferably any combination of a plurality of biomarkers from biomarker nos. 1-10, more preferably any combination of a plurality of biomarkers from biomarker nos. 1-8, even more preferably any combination of biomarkers from biomarker nos. 1-6, and most preferably any combination of a plurality of biomarkers from biomarker nos. 1-4, or a subset of the biomarkers in any of these groups. In a preferred mode, the method comprises determining the extent of expression of any of a particular subset of three biomarkers selected from biomarker nos. 1-6, 1-8, 1-10, 1-15, or 1-20 of a particular Table. Alternatively, the method comprises determining the extent of expression of any of a particular subset of four, five, six, or seven biomarkers selected from biomarker nos. 1-8, 1-10, 1-15, or 1-20 of a particular Table. Alternatively, the method comprises determining the extent of expression of any of a particular subset of eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, or thirteen biomarkers selected from biomarker nos. 1-15 or 1-20 of a particular Table. Of course, the skilled person will recognize that it is within the contemplation of this invention to contemporaneously determine the extent of expression of other biomarkers whether or not associated with the disease of interest.

The determination of expression levels for a plurality of biomarkers facilitates the observation of a pattern of changes in expression, and such patterns provide for more sensitive and more accurate diagnoses than detection of individual biomarkers. For example, a pattern of changes would include a plurality of particular biomarkers that are simultaneously expressed at abnormal levels. A pattern of changes may also comprise abnormal elevation of some particular biomarkers simultaneously with abnormal reduction in other particular biomarkers. The skilled person will observe such patterns in the data presented in the Figures included herein. (see Discussion in Example 4 below). Such determination may be performed in a multiplex or matrix-based format such as a multiplexed immunoassay.

In another embodiment, the method comprises determining the extent of expression of any of the biomarkers from at least two Tables (e.g., Table 2 and Table 3). In another embodiment, the method comprises determining the extent of expression of biomarker nos. 1-20 (or the maximum list if less than 20) of a particular Table and biomarker nos. 1-20 (or the maximum list if less than 20) from a different Table, preferably biomarker nos. 1-10 from one or both Tables, more preferably biomarker nos. 1-8 from one or both Tables, even more preferably biomarker nos. 1-6 from one or both Tables, and most preferably biomarker nos. 1-4 from one or both Tables, or a subset of the biomarkers in any of these groups. In another embodiment, the method comprises determining the extent of expression of any combination of a plurality of biomarkers from a particular Table and a different Table. In another embodiment, the method comprises determining the extent of expression of any combination of a plurality of biomarkers from biomarker nos. 1-20 (or the maximum list if less than 20) of a particular Table and any combination of a plurality of biomarkers from biomarker nos. 1-20 (or the maximum list if less than 20) from a different Table, preferably any combination of a plurality of biomarkers from biomarker nos. 1-10 from one or both Tables, more preferably any combination of a plurality of biomarkers from biomarker nos. 1-8 from one or both Tables, even more preferably any combination of a plurality of biomarkers from biomarker nos. 1-6 from one or both Tables, and most preferably any combination of a plurality of biomarkers from biomarker nos. 1-4 from one or both Tables, or a subset of the biomarkers in any of these groups. In another embodiment, the plurality of biomarker(s) from one Table are not present in any of the other Tables. In a preferred mode, the method comprises determining the extent of expression of any of a particular subset of three biomarkers selected from biomarker nos. 1-6, 1-8, 1-10, 1-15, or 1-20 of a particular Table and any of a particular subset of three biomarkers selected from biomarker nos. 1-6, 1-8, 1-10, 1-15, or 1-20 from a different Table. Alternatively, the method comprises determining the extent of expression of any of a particular subset of four, five, six, or seven biomarkers selected from biomarker nos. 1-8, 1-10, 1-15, or 1-20 of a particular Table and any of a particular subset of four, five, six, or seven biomarkers selected from biomarker nos. 1-8, 1-10, 1-15, or 1-20 of a different Table. Alternatively, the method comprises determining the extent of expression of any of a particular subset of eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, or thirteen biomarkers selected from biomarker nos. 1-15 or 1-20 of a particular Table and any of a particular subset of eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, or thirteen biomarkers selected from biomarker nos. 1-15 or 1-20 of a different Table. Of course, the skilled person will recognize that it is within the contemplation of this invention to contemporaneously determine the extent of expression of other biomarkers whether or not associated with the disease of interest.

It will be understood that the same types of combinations are applicable when the method comprises determining the extent of expression of any of the biomarkers from at least three different Tables (e.g., Table 2, Table 3, and Table 4). For example, in one embodiment, the method comprises determining the extent of expression of any combination of a plurality of biomarkers from biomarker nos. 1-20 (or the maximum list if less than 20) of a first Table, any combination of a plurality of biomarkers from biomarker nos. 1-20 (or the maximum list if less than 20) from a second Table, and any combination of a plurality of biomarkers from biomarker nos. 1-20 (or the maximum list if less than 20) of a third Table, preferably any combination of a plurality of biomarkers from biomarker nos. 1-10 from each Table, more preferably any combination of a plurality of biomarkers from biomarker nos. 1-8 from each Table, even more preferably any combination of a plurality of biomarkers from biomarker nos. 1-6 from each Table, and most preferably any combination of a plurality of biomarkers from biomarker nos. 1-4 from each Table. In a preferred mode, the method comprises determining the extent of expression of any of a particular subset of three biomarkers selected from biomarker nos. 1-6, 1-8, 1-10, 1-15, or 1-20 of a first Table, any of a particular subset of three biomarkers selected from biomarker nos. 1-6, 1-8, 1-10, 1-15, or 1-20 of a second Table, and any of a particular subset of three biomarkers selected from biomarker nos. 1-6, 1-8, 1-10, 1-15, or 1-20 of a third Table. Alternatively, the method comprises determining the extent of expression of any of a particular subset of four, five, six, or seven biomarkers selected from biomarker nos. 1-8, 1-10, 1-15, or 1-20 of a first Table, any of a particular subset of four, five, six, or seven biomarkers selected from biomarker nos. 1-8, 1-10, 1-15, or 1-20 of a second Table, and any of a particular subset of four, five, six, or seven biomarkers selected from biomarker nos. 1-8, 1-10, 1-15, or 1-20 of a third Table. Alternatively, the method comprises determining the extent of expression of any of a particular subset of eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, or thirteen biomarkers selected from biomarker nos. 1-15 or 1-20 of a first Table, any of a particular subset of eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, or thirteen biomarkers selected from biomarker nos. 1-15 or 1-20 of a second Table, and any of a particular subset of eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, or thirteen biomarkers selected from biomarker nos. 1-15 or 1-20 of a third Table. Of course, the skilled person will recognize that it is within the contemplation of this invention to contemporaneously determine the extent of expression of other biomarkers whether or not associated with the disease of interest.

The determination of expression levels for a plurality of biomarkers facilitates the observation of a pattern of changes in expression, and such patterns provide for more sensitive and more accurate diagnoses than detection of individual biomarkers. This determination may be performed in a multiplex or matrix-based format such as a multiplexed immunoassay.

In other embodiments, the extent of expression of no more than 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, or 40 are determined.

Selection of biomarkers for use in a diagnostic or prognostic assay may be facilitated using known relationships between particular biomarkers and their first order interactors. Many, if not all, of the biomarkers identified by the present inventors (see Tables 1-23) participate in various communications pathways of the cell or the organism. Deviation of one component of a communication pathway from normal is expected to be accompanied by related deviations in other members of the communication pathway. The skilled worker can readily link members of a communication pathway using various databases and available bioinformatics software (see, e.g., ARIADNE PATHWAY STUDIO, Ariadne, Inc., <www.ariadne.genomics.com> or ChEMBL Database, European Bioinformatics Institute, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, <www.ebi.ac.uk>). A diagnostic method based on determining whether the levels of a plurality of biomarkers are abnormal where the plurality of biomarkers includes some biomarkers which are not in the same communication pathway as others in the plurality is likely to maximize the information collected by measuring the biomarker levels.

It will also be understood that the various combination of biomarkers previously discussed are also applicable to methods for designing kits and the kits described herein.

It will be appreciated that the selection criteria discussed above, including the preference for selecting particular subsets of markers, may be employed for any of the methods described herein with respect to those Tables associated with the particular methods.

Methods of Physiological Characterization

The present invention is directed to methods for physiological characterization of individuals in various populations as described below. As used herein, a method of physiological characterization according to the methods of this invention include methods of diagnosing particular diseases, methods of predicting the likelihood that an individual will respond to therapeutic intervention, methods of monitoring an individual's reaction to therapeutic intervention, methods of determining whether an individual is at-risk for an individual disease, methods for determining the degree of risk for a particular disease, methods of categorizing a patient's degree of severity of disease, and methods for differentiating between diseases having some symptoms in common. In general, these methods rely on determining the extent of expression of particular biomarkers as described above.

A. General Population

The invention provides for methods of physiological characterization in a subject. In one embodiment, the invention provides for a method of physiological characterization in a subject comprising determining the extent of expression of at least one biomarker from Table 1A in a physiological sample of the subject where the extent of expression of the at least one biomarker is indicative of lung disease such as reactive airway disease or non-small cell lung cancer, or assists in distinguishing between reactive airway disease and non-small cell lung cancer. In another embodiment, the method comprises determining the extent of expression of at least one biomarker from Table 1B where the extent of expression of the at least one biomarker is indicative of reactive airway disease or non-small cell lung cancer, or assists in distinguishing between reactive airway disease and non-small cell lung cancer. In another embodiment, the method comprises determining the extent of expression of at least one biomarker from Table 1C where the extent of expression of the at least one biomarker is indicative of reactive airway disease or non-small cell lung cancer.

In another embodiment, the method comprises determining the extent of expression of SEQ ID NO: 12. In another embodiment, the method comprises determining the extent of expression of SEQ NO: 12 and any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-11 and 13-17.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides for methods of physiological characterization in a subject comprising determining the extent of expression of a plurality of biomarkers from Table 1A in a physiological sample of the subject, where a pattern of expression of the plurality of markers correlate to a physiologic state or condition, or changes in a disease state (e.g., stages in non-small cell lung cancer) or condition. In another preferred embodiment, a pattern of expression of a plurality of biomarkers from Table 1A is indicative of a lung disease such as non-small cell lung cancer or reactive airway disease, or assists in distinguishing between reactive airway disease or non-small cell lung cancer. Preferably, the plurality of biomarkers are selected based on the low probability of erroneous pattern classification based on the value of Student's t as calculated in the Examples. In another preferred embodiment, patterns of expression of biomarkers from Table 1A correlate to an increased likelihood that a subject has or may have a particular disease or condition. In a more preferred embodiment, methods of determining the extent of expression of a plurality of biomarkers from Table 1A in a subject detect an increase in the likelihood that a subject is developing, has or may have a lung disease such as non-small cell lung cancer or reactive airway disease (e.g., asthma). Patterns of expression may be characterized by any technique known in the art for pattern recognition. The plurality of biomarkers may comprise any of the combinations of biomarkers described above with respect to Table 1A.

The invention also provides for a method of physiological characterization in a subject comprising determining the extent of expression of SEQ ID NO: 12 in a physiological sample of the subject, wherein the extent of expression of SEQ ID NO: 12 is indicative of the lung disease of non-small cell lung cancer or reactive airway disease. In a preferred embodiment, a pattern of expression of a plurality of markers of SEQ ID NO: 12 and any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-11 and 13-17 are determined and used as described herein.

In another aspect, the invention provides for a method of physiological characterization in a subject comprising, (a) obtaining a physiological sample of the subject; (b) determining the extent of expression in said subject of at least one polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 1-17, and (c) determining the extent of expression in said subject of at least one biomarker from Table 1A, wherein the extent of expression of both the polypeptide and the biomarker from Table 1A is indicative of a lung disease of non-small cell lung cancer or reactive airway disease. In another embodiment, a pattern of expression of a plurality of markers of SEQ ID NOS: 1-17, and a plurality of biomarkers from Table 1A are determined and used as described herein.

In one embodiment, the subject is at-risk for the lung disease of non-small cell cancer or reactive airway disease (e.g., asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, etc.). Subjects “at-risk” include those individuals who are asymptomatic but are more likely than the bulk of the population to develop the disease, because of personal or family history, behavior, exposure to disease causing agents (e.g., carcinogens), or some other reason. “At-risk” individuals are traditionally identified by aggregating the risk factors determined for the individual. The present invention provides for enhanced detection of “at-risk” individuals by determining the extent of expression of relevant biomarkers. In one embodiment, levels of particular biomarkers associated with the disease (particularly biomarkers from Table 2 or Table 3) are determined for an individual, and levels which differ from those expected for the normal population suggest that the individual is “at-risk.” In another embodiment, the number of relevant biomarkers (from Table 2 or Table 3 as appropriate to the disease) which deviate statistically from normal is determined, with a greater number of deviant markers indicating greater risk.

The embodiments described above refer to the biomarkers of Table 1A. It will be appreciated, however, that the biomarkers of Table 1B or 1C may be substituted for the biomarkers of Table 1A in any of the described embodiments. It will also be appreciated that the plurality of biomarkers to be determined in these particular methods may be selected from the identified tables using the criteria discussed above in the section entitled “Selection of Biomarkers for Determination.”

B. Male Population

The invention provides for a method of physiological characterization in a male subject. In one embodiment, the invention provides for a method of physiological characterization in a male subject comprising obtaining a sample from said male subject, and determining the extent of expression of at least one biomarker from Table 5A or 16A in a physiological sample of the male subject where the extent of expression of the at least one biomarker is indicative of lung disease such as reactive airway disease or non-small cell lung cancer, or assists in distinguishing between reactive airway disease and non-small cell lung cancer. In another embodiment, the method comprises determining the extent of expression of at least one biomarker from Table 5B or 16B where the extent of expression of the at least one biomarker is indicative of reactive airway disease or non-small cell lung cancer, or assists in distinguishing between reactive airway disease and non-small cell lung cancer. In another embodiment, the method comprises determining the extent of expression of at least one biomarker from Table 5C or 16C where the extent of expression of the at least one biomarker is indicative of reactive airway disease or non-small cell lung cancer.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides for methods of physiological characterization in a male subject comprising determining the extent of expression of a plurality of biomarkers from Table 5A or 16A in a physiological sample of the male subject, where a pattern of expression of the plurality of markers correlate to a physiologic state or condition, or changes in a disease state (e.g., stages in non-small cell lung cancer) or condition. In another preferred embodiment, a pattern of expression of a plurality of biomarkers from Table 5A or 16A is indicative of a lung disease such as non-small cell lung cancer or reactive airway disease, or assists in distinguishing between reactive airway disease or non-small cell lung cancer. Preferably, the plurality of biomarkers are selected based on the low probability of erroneous pattern classification based on the value of Student's t as calculated in the Examples. In another preferred embodiment, patterns of expression of biomarkers from Table 5A or 16A correlate to an increased likelihood that a male subject has or may have a particular disease or condition. In a more preferred embodiment, methods of determining the extent of expression of a plurality of biomarkers from Table 5A or 16A in a male subject detect an increase in the likelihood that a male subject is developing, has or may have a lung disease such as non-small cell lung cancer or reactive airway disease (e.g., asthma). Patterns of expression may be characterized by any technique known in the art for pattern recognition. The plurality of biomarkers may comprise any of the combinations of biomarkers described above with respect to Table 5A or 16A.

In another aspect, the invention provides for a method of physiological characterization in a male subject comprising, (a) obtaining a physiological sample of the male subject; (b) determining the extent of expression in said subject of at least one polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 1-17, and (c) determining the extent of expression in said subject of at least one biomarker from Table 5A or 16A, wherein the extent of expression of both the polypeptide and the biomarker from Table 5A or 16A is indicative of a lung disease of non-small cell lung cancer or reactive airway disease. In another embodiment, a pattern of expression of a plurality of markers of SEQ ID NOS: 1-17, and a plurality of biomarkers from Table 5A or 16A are determined and used as described herein.

In one embodiment, the male subject is at-risk for the lung disease of non-small cell cancer or reactive airway disease (e.g., asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, etc.). “At-risk” subjects and individuals are discussed above. In one embodiment, levels of particular biomarkers associated with the disease (particularly biomarkers from Tables 6, 7, 17 or 18) are determined for an male individual, and levels which differ from those expected for the normal population suggest that the male individual is “at-risk.” In another embodiment, the number of relevant biomarkers (from Tables 6, 7, 17 or 18 as appropriate to the disease) which deviate statistically from normal is determined, with a greater number of deviant markers indicating greater risk.

The embodiments described above refer to the biomarkers of Table 5A or 16A. It will be appreciated, however, that the biomarkers of Table 513 or 5C may be substituted for the biomarkers of Table 5A, and that the biomarkers of Table 16B or 16C may be substituted for the biomarkers of Table 16A in any of the described embodiments. It will also be appreciated that the plurality of biomarkers to be determined in these particular methods may be selected from the identified tables using the criteria discussed above in the section entitled “Selection of Biomarkers for Determination.”

C. Female Population

The invention provides for a method of physiological characterization in a female subject. In one embodiment, the invention provides for a method of physiological characterization in a female subject comprising obtaining a sample from said female subject, and determining the extent of expression of at least one biomarker from Table 9A or 20A in a physiological sample of the female subject where the extent of expression of the at least one biomarker is indicative of lung disease such as reactive airway disease or non-small cell lung cancer, or assists in distinguishing between reactive airway disease and non-small cell lung cancer. In another embodiment, the method comprises determining the extent of expression of at least one biomarker from Table 9B or 20B where the extent of expression of the at least one biomarker is indicative of reactive airway disease or non-small cell lung cancer, or assists in distinguishing between reactive airway disease and non-small cell lung cancer. In another embodiment, the method comprises determining the extent of expression of at least one biomarker from Table 9C or 20C where the extent of expression of the at least one biomarker is indicative of reactive airway disease or non-small cell lung cancer.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides for methods of physiological characterization in a female subject comprising determining the extent of expression of a plurality of biomarkers from Table 9A or 20A in a physiological sample of the female subject, where a pattern of expression of the plurality of markers correlate to a physiologic state or condition, or changes in a disease state (e.g., stages in non-small cell lung cancer) or condition. In another preferred embodiment, a pattern of expression of a plurality of biomarkers from Table 9A or 20A is indicative of a lung disease such as non-small cell lung cancer or reactive airway disease, or assists in distinguishing between reactive airway disease or non-small cell lung cancer. Preferably, the plurality of biomarkers are selected based on the low probability of erroneous pattern classification based on the value of Student's t as calculated in the Examples. In another preferred embodiment, patterns of expression of biomarkers from Table 9A or 20A correlate to an increased likelihood that a female subject has or may have a particular disease or condition. In a more preferred embodiment, methods of determining the extent of expression of a plurality of biomarkers from Table 9A or 20A in a female subject detect an increase in the likelihood that a female subject is developing, has or may have a lung disease such as non-small cell lung cancer or reactive airway disease (e.g., asthma). Patterns of expression may be characterized by any technique known in the art for pattern recognition. The plurality of biomarkers may comprise any of the combinations of biomarkers described above with respect to Table 9A or 20A.

In another aspect, the invention provides for a method of physiological characterization in a female subject comprising, (a) obtaining a physiological sample of the female subject; (b) determining the extent of expression in said subject of at least one polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 1-17, and (c) determining the extent of expression in said subject of at least one biomarker from Table 9A or 20A, wherein the extent of expression of both the polypeptide and the biomarker from Table 9A or 20A is indicative of a lung disease of non-small cell lung cancer or reactive airway disease. In another embodiment, a pattern of expression of a plurality of markers of SEQ ID NOS: 1-17, and a plurality of biomarkers from Table 9A or 20A are determined and used as described herein.

In one embodiment, the female subject is at-risk for the lung disease of non-small cell cancer or reactive airway disease (e.g., asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, etc.). “At-risk” subjects and individuals are discussed above. In one embodiment, levels of particular biomarkers associated with the disease (particularly biomarkers from Tables 10, 11, 21, or 22) are determined for an female individual, and levels which differ from those expected for the normal population suggest that the male individual is “at-risk.” In another embodiment, the number of relevant biomarkers (from Tables 10, 11, 21, or 22 as appropriate to the disease) which deviate statistically from normal is determined, with a greater number of deviant markers indicating greater risk.

The embodiments described above refer to the biomarkers of Table 9A or 20A. It will be appreciated, however, that the biomarkers of Table 9B or 9C may be substituted for the biomarkers of Table 9A, and that the biomarkers of Table 20B or 20C may be substituted for the biomarkers of Table 9A in any of the described embodiments. It will also be appreciated that the plurality of biomarkers to be determined in these particular methods may be selected from the identified tables using the criteria discussed above in the section entitled “Selection of Biomarkers for Determination.”

Lung Disease

The invention provides for various diagnostic and prognostic methods for lung disease. In particular, the invention provides methods of diagnosing reactive airway disease and in particular diseases associated with over reactive TH₂ and TH₁₇ cells. Reactive airway diseases include asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, allergic rhinitis, cystic fibrosis, bronchitis, or other diseases manifesting hyper-reactivity to various physiological and/or environmental stimuli. In particular, the invention provides for methods of diagnosing asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, more particularly diagnosing asthma.

The invention also provides methods of diagnosing non-small cell lung cancer. These methods include determining the extent of expression of at least one biomarker described herein, wherein the biomarker(s) is indicative of the presence or development of non-small lung cancer. For example, the extent of expression of biomarkers described herein may be used to determine the extent of progression of non-small lung cancer, the presence of pre-cancerous lesions, or staging of non-small lung cancer.

In particular embodiments, the subject is selected from those individuals who exhibit one or more symptoms of non-small cell lung cancer or reactive airway disease. Symptoms may include cough, shortness of breath, wheezing, chest pain, and hemoptysis; shoulder pain that travels down the outside of the arm or paralysis of the vocal cords leading to hoarseness; invasion of the esophagus may lead to difficulty swallowing. If a large airway is obstructed, collapse of a portion of the lung may occur and cause infections leading to abscesses or pneumonia. Metastases to the bones may produce excruciating pain. Metastases to the brain may cause neurologic symptoms including blurred vision headaches, seizures, or symptoms commonly associated with stroke such as weakness or loss of sensation in parts of the body. Lung cancers often produce symptoms that result from production of hormone-like substances by the tumor cells. A common paraneoplastic syndrome seen in NSCLC is the production parathyroid hormone like substances which cause calcium in the bloodstream to be elevated. Asthma typically produces symptoms such as coughing, especially at night, wheezing, shortness of breath and feelings of chest tightness, pain or pressure. Thus, it is apparent that many of the symptoms of asthma are common to NSCLC.

Methods of Diagnosing Reactive Airway Disease

The present invention is directed to methods of diagnosing reactive airway disease in individuals in various populations as described below. In general, these methods rely on determining the extent of expression of particular biomarkers as described herein.

A. General Population

The invention provides for a method of diagnosing reactive airway disease in a subject comprising, (a) obtaining a physiological sample of the subject; and (b) determining the extent of expression in said subject of at least one biomarker from Table 2, wherein the extent of expression of said at least one biomarker is indicative of reactive airway disease.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides for methods of diagnosing reactive airway disease in a subject comprising determining the extent of expression of a plurality of biomarkers from Table 2 in a physiological sample of the subject, wherein a pattern of expression of the plurality of markers are indicative of reactive airway disease or correlate to changes in a reactive airway disease state. In another preferred embodiment, patterns of expression correlate to an increased likelihood that a subject has or may have reactive airway disease. Patterns of expression may be characterized by any technique known in the art for pattern recognition. The plurality of biomarkers may comprise any of the combinations of biomarkers described above with respect to Table 2. Indeed, it will be appreciated that the plurality of biomarkers to be determined in these particular methods may be selected from the identified tables using the criteria discussed above in the section entitled “Selection of Biomarkers for Determination.”

In one embodiment, the subject is at-risk for reactive airway disease. In one embodiment, levels of particular biomarkers associated with reactive airway disease are determined for an individual, and levels which differ from those expected for the normal population suggest that the individual is “at-risk.” In another embodiment, the number of relevant biomarkers from Table 2 which deviate statistically from normal is determined, with a greater number of deviant markers indicating greater risk of reactive airway disease. In another embodiment, the subject is selected from those individuals who exhibit one or more symptoms of reactive airway disease.

In any of the above embodiments, the preferred biomarkers for use in this method comprise at least one biomarker from Table 13B. More preferably, all of the biomarkers in this embodiment are found in Table 13B.

B. Male Population

The invention provides for a method of diagnosing reactive airway disease in a male subject comprising, (a) obtaining a physiological sample of the male subject; and (b) determining the extent of expression in said subject of at least one biomarker from Table 6 or 17, wherein the extent of expression of said at least one biomarker is indicative of reactive airway disease.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides for methods of diagnosing reactive airway disease in a male subject comprising determining the extent of expression of a plurality of biomarkers from Table 6 or 17 in a physiological sample of the male subject, wherein a pattern of expression of the plurality of markers are indicative of reactive airway disease or correlate to changes in a reactive airway disease state. In another preferred embodiment, patterns of expression correlate to an increased likelihood that a male subject has or may have reactive airway disease. Patterns of expression may be characterized by any technique known in the art for pattern recognition. The plurality of biomarkers may comprise any of the combinations of biomarkers described above with respect to Table 6 or 17. Indeed, it will be appreciated that the plurality of biomarkers to be determined in these particular methods may be selected from the identified tables using the criteria discussed above in the section entitled “Selection of Biomarkers for Determination.”

In one embodiment, the male subject is at-risk for reactive airway disease. In one embodiment, levels of particular biomarkers associated with reactive airway disease are determined for a male individual, and levels which differ from those expected for the normal male population suggest that the individual is “at-risk.” In another embodiment, the number of relevant biomarkers from Table 6 which deviate statistically from normal is determined, with a greater number of deviant markers indicating greater risk of reactive airway disease. In another embodiment, the male subject is selected from those individuals who exhibit one or more symptoms of reactive airway disease.

In another embodiment, the biomarkers for use in this method comprise at least one biomarker from Table 13A.

C. Female Population

The invention provides for a method of diagnosing reactive airway disease in a female subject comprising, (a) obtaining a physiological sample of the female subject; and (b) determining the extent of expression in said subject of at least one biomarker from Table 10 or 21, wherein the extent of expression of said at least one biomarker is indicative of reactive airway disease.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides for methods of diagnosing reactive airway disease in a female subject comprising determining the extent of expression of a plurality of biomarkers from Table 10 or 21 in a physiological sample of the female subject, wherein a pattern of expression of the plurality of markers are indicative of reactive airway disease or correlate to changes in a reactive airway disease state. In another preferred embodiment, patterns of expression correlate to an increased likelihood that a female subject has or may have reactive airway disease. Patterns of expression may be characterized by any technique known in the art for pattern recognition. The plurality of biomarkers may comprise any of the combinations of biomarkers described above with respect to Table 10 or 21. Indeed, it will be appreciated that the plurality of biomarkers to be determined in these particular methods may be selected from the identified tables using the criteria discussed above in the section entitled “Selection of Biomarkers for Determination.”

In one embodiment, the female subject is at-risk for reactive airway disease. In one embodiment, levels of particular biomarkers associated with reactive airway disease are determined for a female individual, and levels which differ from those expected for the normal female population suggest that the individual is “at-risk.” In another embodiment, the number of relevant biomarkers from Table 10 or 21 which deviate statistically from normal is determined, with a greater number of deviant markers indicating greater risk of reactive airway disease. In another embodiment, the female subject is selected from those individuals who exhibit one or more symptoms of reactive airway disease.

In another embodiment, the biomarkers for use in this method comprise at least one biomarker from Table 13A.

Methods of Diagnosing Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

The present invention is directed to methods of diagnosing non-small cell lung cancer in individuals in various populations as described below. In general, these methods rely on determining the extent of expression of particular biomarkers as described herein.

A. General Population

The invention provides for a method of diagnosing non-small cell lung cancer in a subject comprising, (a) obtaining a physiological sample of the subject; and (b) determining the extent of expression in said subject of at least one biomarker from Table 3, wherein the extent of expression of said at least one biomarker is indicative of the presence or development of non-small cell lung cancer.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides for methods of diagnosing non-small cell lung cancer in a subject comprising determining the extent of expression of a plurality of biomarkers from Table 3 in a physiological sample of the subject, wherein a pattern of expression of the plurality of markers are indicative of non-small cell lung cancer or correlate to a changes in a non-small cell lung cancer disease state (i.e., clinical or diagnostic stages). In another preferred embodiment, patterns of expression correlate to an increased likelihood that a subject has or may have non-small cell lung cancer. Patterns of expression may be characterized by any technique known in the art for pattern recognition. The plurality of biomarkers may comprise any of the combinations of biomarkers described above with respect to Table 3. Indeed, it will be appreciated that the plurality of biomarkers to be determined in these particular methods may be selected from the identified tables using the criteria discussed above in the section entitled “Selection of Biomarkers for Determination.”

In one embodiment, the subject is at-risk for non-small cell lung cancer. In one embodiment, levels of particular biomarkers associated with non-small cell cancer are determined for an individual, and levels which differ from those expected for the normal population suggest that the individual is “at-risk.” In another embodiment, the number of relevant biomarkers from Table 3 which deviate statistically from normal is determined, with a greater number of deviant markers indicating greater risk of non-small cell cancer. In another embodiment, the subject is selected from those individuals who exhibit one or more symptoms of non-small cell lung cancer.

In any of the above embodiments, the preferred biomarkers for use in this method comprise at least one biomarker from Table 14B. More preferably, all of the biomarkers in this embodiment are found in Table 14B.

B. Male Population

The invention also provides for a method of diagnosing non-small cell lung cancer in a male subject comprising, (a) obtaining a physiological sample of the male subject; and (b) determining the extent of expression in said subject of at least one biomarker from Table 7 or 18, wherein the extent of expression of said at least one biomarker is indicative of the presence or development of non-small cell lung cancer.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides for methods of diagnosing non-small cell lung cancer in a male subject comprising determining the extent of expression of a plurality of biomarkers from Table 7 or 18 in a physiological sample of the male subject, wherein a pattern of expression of the plurality of markers are indicative of non-small cell lung cancer or correlate to a changes in a non-small cell lung cancer disease state (e.g., stages). In another preferred embodiment, patterns of expression correlate to an increased likelihood that a subject has or may have non-small cell lung cancer. Patterns of expression may be characterized by any technique known in the art for pattern recognition. The plurality of biomarkers may comprise any of the combinations of biomarkers described above with respect to Table 7 or 18. Indeed, it will be appreciated that the plurality of biomarkers to be determined in these particular methods may be selected from the identified tables using the criteria discussed above in the section entitled “Selection of Biomarkers for Determination.”

In one embodiment, the male subject is at-risk for non-small cell lung cancer. In one embodiment, levels of particular biomarkers associated with non-small cell cancer are determined for a male individual, and levels which differ from those expected for the normal male population suggest that the individual is “at-risk.” In another embodiment, the number of relevant biomarkers from Table 7 which deviate statistically from normal is determined, with a greater number of deviant markers indicating greater risk of non-small cell cancer. In another embodiment, the male subject is selected from those individuals who exhibit one or more symptoms of non-small cell lung cancer.

In another embodiment, the biomarkers for use in this method comprise at least one biomarker from Table 14A.

C. Female Population

The invention also provides for a method of diagnosing non-small cell lung cancer in a female subject comprising, (a) obtaining a physiological sample of the female subject; and (b) determining the extent of expression in said subject of at least one biomarker from Table 11 or 22, wherein the extent of expression of said at least one biomarker is indicative of the presence or development of non-small cell lung cancer.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides for methods of diagnosing non-small cell lung cancer in a female subject comprising determining the extent of expression of a plurality of biomarkers from Table 11 or 22 in a physiological sample of the female subject, wherein a pattern of expression of the plurality of markers are indicative of non-small cell lung cancer or correlate to a changes in a non-small cell lung cancer disease state (e.g., stages). In another preferred embodiment, patterns of expression correlate to an increased likelihood that a female subject has or may have non-small cell lung cancer. Patterns of expression may be characterized by any technique known in the art for pattern recognition. The plurality of biomarkers may comprise any of the combinations of biomarkers described above with respect to Table 11 or 22. Indeed, it will be appreciated that the plurality of biomarkers to be determined in these particular methods may be selected from the identified tables using the criteria discussed above in the section entitled “Selection of Biomarkers for Determination.”

In one embodiment, the female subject is at-risk for non-small cell lung cancer. In one embodiment, levels of particular biomarkers associated with non-small cell cancer are determined for a female individual, and levels which differ from those expected for the normal female population suggest that the individual is “at-risk.” In another embodiment, the number of relevant biomarkers from Table 11 or 22 which deviate statistically from normal is determined, with a greater number of deviant markers indicating greater risk of non-small cell cancer. In another embodiment, the female subject is selected from those individuals who exhibit one or more symptoms of non-small cell lung cancer.

In another embodiment, the biomarkers for use in this method comprise at least one biomarker from Table 14A.

Methods of Discriminating Between Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer and Reactive Airway Disease

The present invention is directed to methods of diagnosing lung disease in individuals in various populations as described below. In general, these methods rely on determining the extent of expression of particular biomarkers that discriminate between the indication of reactive airway disease and non-small cell lung cancer.

A. General Population

The invention also provides for a method of diagnosing a lung disease in a subject comprising determining the extent of expression in said subject of at least one biomarker from Table 4, wherein the extent of expression of said at least one biomarker from Table 4 assists in discriminating between the indication of reactive airway disease and non-small cell lung cancer.

In one embodiment, the subject has been diagnosed as having reactive airway disease and/or non-small cell lung cancer. For example, the diagnosis may have been determined by the extent of expression of at least one biomarker in a physiological sample of the subject, where the extent of expression of the at least one biomarker is indicative of reactive airway disease and/or non-small cell lung cancer.

The invention also provides for a method of diagnosing a lung disease in a subject comprising, (a) obtaining a physiological sample of the subject; and (b) determining the extent of expression in said subject of at least one biomarker from Table 4, at least one biomarker from Table 2, and at least one biomarker from Table 3, wherein (i) said at least one biomarker from each of Table 2, Table 3, and Table 4 is not identical, (ii) the extent of expression of said at least one biomarker from Table 2 and Table 3 is indicative of the lung disease of reactive airway disease and non-small cell lung cancer, respectively; and (iii) the extent of expression of said at least one biomarker from Table 4 assists in discriminating between the indication of non-small cell lung cancer and reactive airway disease. Preferably, the method includes at least one marker from each Table which is not present in either of the other Tables.

In a preferred embodiment, the method comprises determining the extent of expression of a plurality of biomarkers from Table 4, and preferably also a plurality of biomarkers from Table 2, and a plurality of biomarkers from Table 3. In another preferred embodiment, patterns of expression correlate to an increased likelihood that a subject has non-small lung cancer or reactive airway disease. Patterns of expression may be characterized by any technique known in the art for pattern recognition. The plurality of biomarkers may comprise any of the combinations of biomarkers described above with respect to Table 2, Table 3, and Table 4. Indeed, it will be appreciated that the plurality of biomarkers to be determined in these particular methods may be selected from the identified tables using the criteria discussed above in the section entitled “Selection of Biomarkers for Determination.”

In one embodiment, the subject is at-risk for non-small cell lung cancer and/or reactive airway disease. In another embodiment, the subject is selected from those individuals who exhibit one or more symptoms of non-small lung cancer and/or reactive airway disease.

The invention also provides a diagnostic method to assist in differentiating the likelihood that a subject is at-risk of developing or suffering from non-small cell lung cancer or reactive airway disease comprising, (a) obtaining a physiological sample of the subject who is at-risk for non-small cell lung cancer or reactive airway disease; and (b) determining the extent of expression in said subject of at least one biomarker from Table 4, wherein the extent of expression of said at least one biomarker from Table 4 assists in differentiating the likelihood that said subject is at risk of non-small cell lung cancer or reactive airway disease.

In a preferred embodiment, the method comprises determining the extent of expression of a plurality of biomarkers from Table 4. In another preferred embodiment, patterns of expression correlate to an increased likelihood that a subject has non-small lung cancer or reactive airway disease. Patterns of expression may be characterized by any technique known in the art for pattern recognition. The plurality of biomarkers may comprise any of the combinations of biomarkers described above with respect to Table 4. Indeed, it will be appreciated that the plurality of biomarkers to be determined in these particular methods may be selected from the identified tables using the criteria discussed above in the section entitled “Selection of Biomarkers for Determination.”

In one embodiment, the subject is selected from those individuals who exhibit one or more symptoms of non-small lung cancer or reactive airway disease. Methods of relating to “at-risk” subjects are described above and methods related thereto are contemplated herein.

B. Male Population

The invention also provides for a method of diagnosing a lung disease in a male subject comprising determining the extent of expression in said subject of at least one biomarker from Table 8 or 19, wherein the extent of expression of said at least one biomarker from Table 8 or 19 assists in discriminating between the indication of reactive airway disease and non-small cell lung cancer. In one embodiment, the male subject has been diagnosed as having reactive airway disease and/or non-small cell lung cancer. For example, the diagnosis may have been determined by the extent of expression of at least one biomarker in a physiological sample of the male subject, where the extent of expression of the at least one biomarker is indicative of reactive airway disease and/or non-small cell lung cancer.

The invention also provides for a method of diagnosing a lung disease in a male subject comprising, (a) obtaining a physiological sample of the male subject; and (b) determining the extent of expression in said subject of at least one biomarker from Table 8, at least one biomarker from Table 6, and at least one biomarker from Table 7, wherein (i) said at least one biomarker from each of Table 6, Table 7, and Table 8 is not identical, (ii) the extent of expression of said at least one biomarker from Table 6 and Table 7 is indicative of the lung disease of reactive airway disease and non-small cell lung cancer, respectively; and (iii) the extent of expression of said at least one biomarker from Table 8 assists in discriminating between the indication of non-small cell lung cancer and reactive airway disease. Preferably, the method includes at least one marker from each Table which is not present in either of the other Tables.

The invention also provides for a method of diagnosing a lung disease in a male subject comprising, (a) obtaining a physiological sample of the male subject; and (b) determining the extent of expression in said subject of at least one biomarker from Table 19, at least one biomarker from Table 18, and at least one biomarker from Table 17, wherein (i) said at least one biomarker from each of Table 17, Table 18, and Table 19 is not identical, (ii) the extent of expression of said at least one biomarker from Table 17 and Table 18 is indicative of the lung disease of reactive airway disease and non-small cell lung cancer, respectively; and (iii) the extent of expression of said at least one biomarker from Table 19 assists in discriminating between the indication of non-small cell lung cancer and reactive airway disease. Preferably, the method includes at least one marker from each Table which is not present in either of the other Tables.

In a preferred embodiment, the method comprises determining the extent of expression of a plurality of biomarkers from Table 8, and preferably also a plurality of biomarkers from Table 6, and a plurality of biomarkers from Table 7. In another preferred embodiment, patterns of expression correlate to an increased likelihood that a male subject has non-small lung cancer or reactive airway disease. Patterns of expression may be characterized by any technique known in the art for pattern recognition. The plurality of biomarkers may comprise any of the combinations of biomarkers described above with respect to Table 6, Table 7, and Table 8. Indeed, it will be appreciated that the plurality of biomarkers to be determined in these particular methods may be selected from the identified tables using the criteria discussed above in the section entitled “Selection of Biomarkers for Determination.”

In a preferred embodiment, the method comprises determining the extent of expression of a plurality of biomarkers from Table 19, and preferably also a plurality of biomarkers from Table 17, and a plurality of biomarkers from Table 18. In another preferred embodiment, patterns of expression correlate to an increased likelihood that a male subject has non-small lung cancer or reactive airway disease. Patterns of expression may be characterized by any technique known in the art for pattern recognition. The plurality of biomarkers may comprise any of the combinations of biomarkers described above with respect to Table 17, Table 18, and Table 19. Indeed, it will be appreciated that the plurality of biomarkers to be determined in these particular methods may be selected from the identified tables using the criteria discussed above in the section entitled “Selection of Biomarkers for Determination.”

In one embodiment, the male subject is at-risk for non-small cell lung cancer and/or reactive airway disease. In another embodiment, the male subject is selected from those individuals who exhibit one or more symptoms of non-small lung cancer and/or reactive airway disease.

The invention also provides a diagnostic method to assist in differentiating the likelihood that a male subject is at-risk of developing or suffering from non-small cell lung cancer or reactive airway disease comprising, (a) obtaining a physiological sample of the male subject who is at-risk for non-small cell lung cancer or reactive airway disease; and (b) determining the extent of expression in said subject of at least one biomarker from Table 8 or 19, wherein the extent of expression of said at least one biomarker from Table 8 or 19 assists in differentiating the likelihood that said subject is at risk of non-small cell lung cancer or reactive airway disease.

In a preferred embodiment, the method comprises determining the extent of expression of a plurality of biomarkers from Table 8. In another preferred embodiment, patterns of expression correlate to an increased likelihood that a male subject has non-small lung cancer or reactive airway disease. Patterns of expression may be characterized by any technique known in the art for pattern recognition. The plurality of biomarkers may comprise any of the combinations of biomarkers described above with respect to Table 8 or 19. Indeed, it will be appreciated that the plurality of biomarkers to be determined in these particular methods may be selected from the identified tables using the criteria discussed above in the section entitled “Selection of Biomarkers for Determination.”

In one embodiment, the male subject is selected from those individuals who exhibit one or more symptoms of non-small lung cancer or reactive airway disease. Methods of relating to “at-risk” subjects are described above and methods related thereto are contemplated herein.

B. Female Population

The invention also provides for a method of diagnosing a lung disease in a female subject comprising determining the extent of expression in said subject of at least one biomarker from Table 12 or 23, wherein the extent of expression of said at least one biomarker from Table 12 or 23 assists in discriminating between the indication of reactive airway disease and non-small cell lung cancer. In one embodiment, the female subject has been diagnosed as having reactive airway disease and/or non-small cell lung cancer. For example, the diagnosis may have been determined by the extent of expression of at least one biomarker in a physiological sample of the female subject, where the extent of expression of the at least one biomarker is indicative of reactive airway disease and/or non-small cell lung cancer.

The invention also provides for a method of diagnosing a lung disease in a female subject comprising, (a) obtaining a physiological sample of the female subject; and (b) determining the extent of expression in said subject of at least one biomarker from Table 12, at least one biomarker from Table 10, and at least one biomarker from Table 11, wherein (i) said at least one biomarker from each of Table 10, Table 11, and Table 12 is not identical, (ii) the extent of expression of said at least one biomarker from Table 10 and Table 11 is indicative of the lung disease of reactive airway disease and non-small cell lung cancer, respectively; and (iii) the extent of expression of said at least one biomarker from Table 12 assists in discriminating between the indication of non-small cell lung cancer and reactive airway disease. Preferably, the method includes at least one marker from each Table which is not present in either of the other Tables.

The invention also provides for a method of diagnosing a lung disease in a female subject comprising, (a) obtaining a physiological sample of the female subject; and (b) determining the extent of expression in said subject of at least one biomarker from Table 23, at least one biomarker from Table 21, and at least one biomarker from Table 22, wherein (i) said at least one biomarker from each of Table 21, Table 22, and Table 23 is not identical, (ii) the extent of expression of said at least one biomarker from Table 21 and Table 22 is indicative of the lung disease of reactive airway disease and non-small cell lung cancer, respectively; and (iii) the extent of expression of said at least one biomarker from Table 23 assists in discriminating between the indication of non-small cell lung cancer and reactive airway disease. Preferably, the method includes at least one marker from each Table which is not present in either of the other Tables.

In a preferred embodiment, the method comprises determining the extent of expression of a plurality of biomarkers from Table 12, and preferably also a plurality of biomarkers from Table 10, and a plurality of biomarkers from Table 11. In another preferred embodiment, patterns of expression correlate to an increased likelihood that a male subject has non-small lung cancer or reactive airway disease. Patterns of expression may be characterized by any technique known in the art for pattern recognition. The plurality of biomarkers may comprise any of the combinations of biomarkers described above with respect to Table 10, Table 11, and Table 12. Indeed, it will be appreciated that the plurality of biomarkers to be determined in these particular methods may be selected from the identified tables using the criteria discussed above in the section entitled “Selection of Biomarkers for Determination.”

In a preferred embodiment, the method comprises determining the extent of expression of a plurality of biomarkers from Table 23, and preferably also a plurality of biomarkers from Table 21, and a plurality of biomarkers from Table 22. In another preferred embodiment, patterns of expression correlate to an increased likelihood that a male subject has non-small lung cancer or reactive airway disease. Patterns of expression may be characterized by any technique known in the art for pattern recognition. The plurality of biomarkers may comprise any of the combinations of biomarkers described above with respect to Table 21, Table 22, and Table 23. Indeed, it will be appreciated that the plurality of biomarkers to be determined in these particular methods may be selected from the identified tables using the criteria discussed above in the section entitled “Selection of Biomarkers for Determination.”

In one embodiment, the female subject is at-risk for non-small cell lung cancer and/or reactive airway disease. In another embodiment, the female subject is selected from those individuals who exhibit one or more symptoms of non-small lung cancer and/or reactive airway disease.

The invention also provides a diagnostic method to assist in differentiating the likelihood that a female subject is at-risk of developing or suffering from non-small cell lung cancer or reactive airway disease comprising, (a) obtaining a physiological sample of the female subject who is at-risk for non-small cell lung cancer or reactive airway disease; and (b) determining the extent of expression in said subject of at least one biomarker from Table 12 or 23, wherein the extent of expression of said at least one biomarker from Table 12 or 23 assists in differentiating the likelihood that said subject is at risk of non-small cell lung cancer or reactive airway disease.

In a preferred embodiment, the method comprises determining the extent of expression of a plurality of biomarkers from Table 12 or 23. In another preferred embodiment, patterns of expression correlate to an increased likelihood that a female subject has non-small lung cancer or reactive airway disease. Patterns of expression may be characterized by any technique known in the art for pattern recognition. The plurality of biomarkers may comprise any of the combinations of biomarkers described above with respect to Table 12 or 23. Indeed, it will be appreciated that the plurality of biomarkers to be determined in these particular methods may be selected from the identified tables using the criteria discussed above in the section entitled “Selection of Biomarkers for Determination.”

In one embodiment, the female subject is selected from those individuals who exhibit one or more symptoms of non-small lung cancer or reactive airway disease. Methods of relating to “at-risk” subjects are described above and methods related thereto are contemplated herein.

In any of the methods described herein which use biomarkers selected from more than one Table for the purpose of discriminating between, e.g., different disease states or different populations, analysis of the results for the biomarkers from individuals may be performed simultaneously or sequentially.

Methods Of Monitoring Therapy

The present invention is directed to methods of monitoring therapy in individuals in various populations as described below. In general, these methods rely on determining the extent of expression of particular biomarkers.

A. General Population

The invention also provides a method of monitoring a subject comprising (a) determining a first extent of expression in said subject of at least one biomarker from Table 1A in a sample obtained from the subject; (b) determining a second extent of expression in said subject of said at least one biomarker from Table 1A using a second sample obtained from the subject at a different time than said first extent of expression; and (d) comparing said first extent of expression and said second extent of expression. Typically, the subject has experienced therapeutic intervention between the time the first and second samples were obtained. Detecting of changes in the pattern of expression between the first and second determinations may be considered to reflect effects of the therapeutic intervention. This embodiment is also useful to identify particular biomarkers which exhibit changes in their extent of expression in response to particular therapeutic interventions.

In a preferred embodiment, the method comprises determining the extent of expression of a plurality of biomarkers from Table 1A. The plurality of biomarkers may comprise any of the combinations of biomarkers described above with respect to Table 1A. Indeed, it will be appreciated that the plurality of biomarkers to be determined in these particular methods may be selected from the identified tables using the criteria discussed above in the section entitled “Selection of Biomarkers for Determination.”

The embodiments described above refer to the biomarkers of Table 1A. It will be appreciated, however, that the biomarkers of Table 1B, Table 1C, Table 2, Table 3, or Table 4 may be substituted for the biomarkers of Table 1A in any of the described embodiments.

B. Male Population

The invention also provides a method of monitoring a male subject comprising (a) determining a first extent of expression in said male subject of at least one biomarker from Table 5A or 16A in a sample obtained from the male subject; (b) determining a second extent of expression in said male subject of said at least one biomarker from Table 1A or 16A using a second sample obtained from the male subject at a different time than said first extent of expression; and (d) comparing said first extent of expression and said second extent of expression. Typically, the male subject has experienced therapeutic intervention between the time the first and second samples were obtained. Detecting of changes in the pattern of expression between the first and second determinations may be considered to reflect effects of the therapeutic intervention. This embodiment is also useful to identify particular biomarkers which exhibit changes in their extent of expression in response to particular therapeutic interventions.

In a preferred embodiment, the method comprises determining the extent of expression of a plurality of biomarkers from Table 5A or 16A. The plurality of biomarkers may comprise any of the combinations of biomarkers described above with respect to Table 5A or 16A. Indeed, it will be appreciated that the plurality of biomarkers to be determined in these particular methods may be selected from the identified tables using the criteria discussed above in the section entitled “Selection of Biomarkers for Determination.”

The embodiments described above refer to the biomarkers of Table 5A or 16A. It will be appreciated, however, that the biomarkers of Table 5B, Table 5C, Table 6, Table 7, Table 8, or Table 16B, Table 16C, Table 17, Table 18, or Table 19 may be substituted for the biomarkers of Table 5A or 16A in any of the described embodiments.

C. Female Population

The invention also provides a method of monitoring a female subject comprising (a) determining a first extent of expression in said female subject of at least one biomarker from Table 9A or 20A in a sample obtained from the female subject; (b) determining a second extent of expression in said female subject of said at least one biomarker from Table 9A or 20A using a second sample obtained from the female subject at a different time than said first extent of expression; and (d) comparing said first extent of expression and said second extent of expression. Typically, the female subject has experienced therapeutic intervention between the time the first and second samples were obtained. Detecting of changes in the pattern of expression between the first and second determinations may be considered to reflect effects of the therapeutic intervention. This embodiment is also useful to identify particular biomarkers which exhibit changes in their extent of expression in response to particular therapeutic interventions.

In a preferred embodiment, the method comprises determining the extent of expression of a plurality of biomarkers from Table 9A or 20A. The plurality of biomarkers may comprise any of the combinations of biomarkers described above with respect to Table 9A or 20A. Indeed, it will be appreciated that the plurality of biomarkers to be determined in these particular methods may be selected from the identified tables using the criteria discussed above in the section entitled “Selection of Biomarkers for Determination.”

The embodiments described above refer to the biomarkers of Table 9A or 20A. It will be appreciated, however, that the biomarkers of Table 9B, Table 9C, Table 10, Table 11, Table 12, Table 20B, Table 20C, Table 21, Table 22, or Table 23 may be substituted for the biomarkers of Table 9A or 20A in any of the described embodiments.

Methods of Predicting a Subject's Response to Therapeutic Intervention

The present invention is directed to methods of predicting a subject's response to therapeutic intervention in various populations as described below. In general, these methods rely on determining the extent of expression of particular biomarkers.

A. General Population

The invention also provides a method for predicting a subject's response to therapeutic intervention comprising, (a) obtaining a physiological sample of the subject; and determining the extent of expression in said subject of at least one biomarker from Table 1A, wherein the extent of expression of said at least one biomarker from Table 1A assists in predicting a subject's response to said therapeutic intervention. Preferred biomarkers for use in this embodiment are those biomarkers shown to be responsive to the therapeutic intervention of interest by monitoring a population of subjects. This embodiment may also be used for selection of those patients more likely to be responsive to therapy.

In a preferred embodiment, the method comprises determining the extent of expression of a plurality of biomarkers from Table 1A. The plurality of biomarkers may comprise any of the combinations of biomarkers described above with respect to Table 1A. Indeed, it will be appreciated that the plurality of biomarkers to be determined in these particular methods may be selected from the identified tables using the criteria discussed above in the section entitled “Selection of Biomarkers for Determination.”

The embodiments described above refer to the biomarkers of Table 1A. It will be appreciated, however, that the biomarkers of Table 1B, Table 1C, Table 2, Table 3, or Table 4 may be substituted for the biomarkers of Table 1A in any of the described embodiments.

B. Male Population

The invention also provides a method for predicting a male subject's response to therapeutic intervention comprising, (a) obtaining a physiological sample of the male subject; and

(b) determining the extent of expression in said male subject of at least one biomarker from Table 5A or 16A, wherein the extent of expression of said at least one biomarker from Table 5A or 16A assists in predicting a male subject's response to said therapeutic intervention. Preferred biomarkers for use in this embodiment are those biomarkers shown to be responsive to the therapeutic intervention of interest by monitoring a population of male subjects. This embodiment may also be used for selection of those male patients more likely to be responsive to therapy.

In a preferred embodiment, the method comprises determining the extent of expression of a plurality of biomarkers from Table 5A or 16A. The plurality of biomarkers may comprise any of the combinations of biomarkers described above with respect to Table 5A or 16A. Indeed, it will be appreciated that the plurality of biomarkers to be determined in these particular methods may be selected from the identified tables using the criteria discussed above in the section entitled “Selection of Biomarkers for Determination.”

The embodiments described above refer to the biomarkers of Table 5A or 16A. It will be appreciated, however, that the biomarkers of Table 5B, Table 5C, Table 6, Table 7, Table 8, Table 16B, Table 16C, Table 17, Table 18, or Table 19 may be substituted for the biomarkers of Table 5A or 16A in any of the described embodiments.

C. Female Population

The invention also provides a method for predicting a female subject's response to therapeutic intervention comprising, (a) obtaining a physiological sample of the female subject; and (b) determining the extent of expression in said female subject of at least one biomarker from Table 9A or 20A, wherein the extent of expression of said at least one biomarker from Table 9A or 20A assists in predicting a female subject's response to said therapeutic intervention. Preferred biomarkers for use in this embodiment are those biomarkers shown to be responsive to the therapeutic intervention of interest by monitoring a population of female subjects. This embodiment may also be used for selection of those female patients more likely to be responsive to therapy.

In a preferred embodiment, the method comprises determining the extent of expression of a plurality of biomarkers from Table 9A or 20A. The plurality of biomarkers may comprise any of the combinations of biomarkers described above with respect to Table 9A or 20A. Indeed, it will be appreciated that the plurality of biomarkers to be determined in these particular methods may be selected from the identified tables using the criteria discussed above in the section entitled “Selection of Biomarkers for Determination.”

The embodiments described above refer to the biomarkers of Table 9A or 20A. It will be appreciated, however, that the biomarkers of Table 9B, Table 9C, Table 10, Table 11, Table 12, Table 20B, Table 20C, Table 21, Table 22, or Table 23 may be substituted for the biomarkers of Table 9A or 20A in any of the described embodiments.

Methods of Designing Kits

A. General Population

The invention also provides a method for designing a kit for assisting in diagnosing a lung disease in a subject comprising (a) selecting at least one biomarker from Table 1A; (b) selecting a means for determining the extent of expression of said at least one biomarker; and (c) designing a kit comprising said means for determining the extent of expression.

The invention also provides a method for designing a kit for diagnosing non-small cell lung cancer or reactive airway disease in a subject comprising (a) selecting at least one biomarker from Table 1B; (b) selecting a means for determining the extent of expression of said at least one biomarker; and (c) designing a kit comprising said means for determining the extent of expression.

The invention also provides a method for designing a kit for diagnosing non-small cell lung cancer or reactive airway disease in a subject comprising (a) selecting at least one biomarker from Table 1C; (b) selecting a means for determining the extent of expression of said at least one biomarker; and (c) designing a kit comprising said means for determining the extent of expression.

The invention also provides a method for designing a kit for diagnosing reactive airway disease in a subject comprising (a) selecting at least one biomarker from Table 2; (b) selecting a means for determining the extent of expression of said at least one biomarker; and (c) designing a kit comprising said means for determining the extent of expression.

The invention also provides a method for designing a kit for diagnosing non-small cell lung cancer in a subject comprising (a) selecting at least one biomarker from Table 3; (b) selecting a means for determining the extent of expression of said at least one biomarker; and (c) designing a kit comprising said means for determining the extent of expression.

The invention also provides a method for designing a kit for assisting in diagnosing a lung disease in a subject comprising (a) selecting at least one biomarker from Table 4; (b) selecting a means for determining the extent of expression of said at least one biomarker; and (c) designing a kit comprising said means for determining the extent of expression.

In the above methods, steps (b) and (c) may alternatively be performed by (b) selecting detection agents for detecting said at least one biomarker, and (c) designing a kit comprising said detection agents for detecting at least one biomarker.

The invention also provides methods for designing kits comprising selecting at least one biomarker from more than one Table. For example, the invention provides a method for designing kit comprising selecting at least one biomarker from Table 2 and at least one biomarker from Table 3. In another example, the invention provides a method for designing kit comprising selecting at least one biomarker from Table 2, at least one biomarker from Table 3, and at least one biomarker from Table 4. It will be understood that these methods also comprise steps (b) and (c) as previously described.

It will be appreciated that the plurality of biomarkers to be determined in these particular methods may be selected from the identified tables using the criteria discussed above in the section entitled “Selection of Biomarkers for Determination.”

B. Male Population

The invention also provides a method for designing a kit for assisting in diagnosing a lung disease in a male subject comprising (a) selecting at least one biomarker from Table 5A or 16A; (b) selecting a means for determining the extent of expression of said at least one biomarker; and (c) designing a kit comprising said means for determining the extent of expression.

The invention also provides a method for designing a kit for diagnosing non-small cell lung cancer or reactive airway disease in a male subject comprising (a) selecting at least one biomarker from Table 5B or 16B; (b) selecting a means for determining the extent of expression of said at least one biomarker; and (c) designing a kit comprising said means for determining the extent of expression.

The invention also provides a method for designing a kit for diagnosing non-small cell lung cancer or reactive airway disease in a male subject comprising (a) selecting at least one biomarker from Table 5C or 16C; (b) selecting a means for determining the extent of expression of said at least one biomarker; and (c) designing a kit comprising said means for determining the extent of expression.

The invention also provides a method for designing a kit for diagnosing reactive airway disease in a male subject comprising (a) selecting at least one biomarker from Table 6 or 17; (b) selecting a means for determining the extent of expression of said at least one biomarker; and (c) designing a kit comprising said means for determining the extent of expression.

The invention also provides a method for designing a kit for diagnosing non-small cell lung cancer in a male subject comprising (a) selecting at least one biomarker from Table 7 or 18; (b) selecting a means for determining the extent of expression of said at least one biomarker; and (c) designing a kit comprising said means for determining the extent of expression.

The invention also provides a method for designing a kit for assisting in diagnosing a lung disease in a male subject comprising (a) selecting at least one biomarker from Table 8 or 19; (b) selecting a means for determining the extent of expression of said at least one biomarker; and (c) designing a kit comprising said means for determining the extent of expression.

In the above methods, steps (b) and (c) may alternatively be performed by (13) selecting detection agents for detecting said at least one biomarker, and (c) designing a kit comprising said detection agents for detecting at least one biomarker.

The invention also provides methods for designing kits comprising selecting at least one biomarker from more than one Table. For example, the invention provides a method for designing kit comprising selecting at least one biomarker from Table 6 and at least one biomarker from Table 7. In another example, the invention provides a method for designing kit comprising selecting at least one biomarker from Table 6, at least one biomarker from Table 7, and at least one biomarker from Table 8. In another example, the invention provides a method for designing kit comprising selecting at least one biomarker from Table 17 and at least one biomarker from Table 18. In another example, the invention provides a method for designing kit comprising selecting at least one biomarker from Table 17, at least one biomarker from Table 18, and at least one biomarker from Table 19. It will be understood that these methods also comprise steps (b) and (c) as previously described.

It will be appreciated that the plurality of biomarkers to be determined in these particular methods may be selected from the identified tables using the criteria discussed above in the section entitled “Selection of Biomarkers for Determination.”

C. Female Population

The invention also provides a method for designing a kit for assisting in diagnosing a lung disease in a female subject comprising (a) selecting at least one biomarker from Table 9A or 20A; (b) selecting a means for determining the extent of expression of said at least one biomarker; and (c) designing a kit comprising said means for determining the extent of expression.

The invention also provides a method for designing a kit for diagnosing non-small cell lung cancer or reactive airway disease in a female subject comprising (a) selecting at least one biomarker from Table 9B or 20B; (b) selecting a means for determining the extent of expression of said at least one biomarker; and (c) designing a kit comprising said means for determining the extent of expression.

The invention also provides a method for designing a kit for diagnosing non-small cell lung cancer or reactive airway disease in a female subject comprising (a) selecting at least one biomarker from Table 9C or 20C; (b) selecting a means for determining the extent of expression of said at least one biomarker; and (c) designing a kit comprising said means for determining the extent of expression.

The invention also provides a method for designing a kit for diagnosing reactive airway disease in a female subject comprising (a) selecting at least one biomarker from Table 10 or 21; (b) selecting a means for determining the extent of expression of said at least one biomarker; and (c) designing a kit comprising said means for determining the extent of expression.

The invention also provides a method for designing a kit for diagnosing non-small cell lung cancer in a female subject comprising (a) selecting at least one biomarker from Table 11 or 22; (b) selecting a means for determining the extent of expression of said at least one biomarker; and (c) designing a kit comprising said means for determining the extent of expression.

The invention also provides a method for designing a kit for assisting in diagnosing a lung disease in a female subject comprising (a) selecting at least one biomarker from Table 12 or 23; (b) selecting a means for determining the extent of expression of said at least one biomarker; and (c) designing a kit comprising said means for determining the extent of expression.

In the above methods, steps (b) and (c) may alternatively be performed by (b) selecting detection agents for detecting said at least one biomarker, and (c) designing a kit comprising said detection agents for detecting at least one biomarker.

The invention also provides methods for designing kits comprising selecting at least one biomarker from more than one Table. For example, the invention provides a method for designing kit comprising selecting at least one biomarker from Table 10 and at least one biomarker from Table 11. In another example, the invention provides a method for designing kit comprising selecting at least one biomarker from Table 10, at least one biomarker from Table 11, and at least one biomarker from Table 12. In another example, the invention provides a method for designing kit comprising selecting at least one biomarker from Table 21 and at least one biomarker from Table 22. In another example, the invention provides a method for designing kit comprising selecting at least one biomarker from Table 21, at least one biomarker from Table 22, and at least one biomarker from Table 23. It will be understood that these methods also comprise steps (b) and (c) as previously described.

It will be appreciated that the plurality of biomarkers to be determined in these particular methods may be selected from the identified tables using the criteria discussed above in the section entitled “Selection of Biomarkers for Determination.”

Kits

The invention provides kits comprising means for determining the extent of expression of at least one of the biomarkers described herein. The invention also provides kits comprising detection agents for detecting at least one biomarker described herein.

The invention provides a kit comprising means for determining the extent of expression of at least one biomarker from Table 1A. The invention provides a kit comprising detection agents for detecting at least one biomarker from Table 1A.

The invention also provides a kit comprising means for determining the extent of expression of SEQ ID NO: 12. In one embodiment, the kit comprises means for determining the extent of expression of SEQ ID NO: 12 and any combination of SEQ ID NOS: 1-11 and 13-17.

The invention also provides a kit comprising, detection agents for detecting SEQ ID NO: 12. In one embodiment, the kit comprises detection agents for detecting SEQ ID NO: 12 and any combination of SEQ ID NOS: 1-11 and 13-17.

The invention also provides a kit comprising means for determining the extent of expression of at least one polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 1-17 and means for determining the extent of expression of at least one biomarker from Table 1A.

The invention also provides a kit comprising, detection agents for detecting at least one polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 1-17, and detection agents for detecting at least one biomarker from Table 1A.

The embodiments described above refer to the biomarkers of Table 1A. It will be appreciated, however, that the biomarkers of Table 1B, Table 1C, Table 2, Table 3, Table 4, Table 5A, Table 5B, Table 5C, Table 6, Table 7, Table 8, Table 9A, Table 9B, Table 9C, Table 10, Table 11, Table 12, Table 16A, Table 16B, Table 16C, Table 17, Table 18, Table 19, Table 20A, Table 20B, Table 20C, Table 21, Table 22, or Table 23 may be substituted for the biomarkers of Table 1A in any of the described kits.

The invention also provides a kit comprising, (a) first means for determining the extent of expression of at least one biomarker from Table 2; and (b) second means for determining the extent of expression of at least one biomarker from Table 3, wherein said at least one biomarker from Table 2 and Table 3 are not identical.

The invention also provides a kit comprising, (a) detection agents for detecting at least one biomarker from Table 2; and (b) detection agents for detecting at least one biomarker from Table 3, wherein said at least one biomarker from Table 2 and Table 3 are not identical.

The invention also provides a kit comprising, (a) first means for determining the extent of expression of at least one biomarker from Table 2; (b) second means for determining the extent of expression of at least one biomarker from Table 3; and (c) third means for determining the extent of expression of at least one biomarker from Table 4, wherein said at least one biomarker from Table 2, Table 3, and Table 4 are not identical.

The invention also provides a kit comprising, (a) detection agents for detecting at least one biomarker from Table 2; (b) detection agents for detecting at least one biomarker from Table 3; and (c) detection agents for detecting at least one biomarker from Table 4, wherein said at least one biomarker from Table 2, Table 3, and Table 4 are not identical.

The embodiments described above refer to the biomarkers of Table 2, Table 3, and Table 4. It will be appreciated, however, that the biomarkers of Table 6, Table 7, Table 8, Table 17, Table 18, or Table 19 may be substituted for the biomarkers of Table 2, Table 3, and Table 4, respectively, in any of the described kits. Furthermore, it will be appreciated that the biomarkers of Table 10, Table 11, Table 12, Table 21, Table 22, or Table 23 may be substituted for the biomarkers of Table 2, Table 3, and Table 4, respectively, in any of the described kits. Even further, the skilled person will understand that the invention contemplates kits comprising means for detecting any particular combination of biomarkers described above for any method requiring detection of a particular plurality of biomarkers. It will also be appreciated that the plurality of biomarkers to be determined in these particular kits may be selected from the identified tables using the criteria discussed above in the section entitled “Selection of Biomarkers for Determination.”

The following examples are provided to exemplify various modes of the invention disclosed herein, but they are not intended to limit the invention in any way.

Example 1

Human blood samples were collected from volunteers. Thirty samples were collected from individuals not known to have either non-small cell lung cancer or asthma. These thirty samples comprise, and are referred to herein as, the “normal population.” Twenty-eight blood samples were collected from individuals known to have asthma and diagnosed as such by a physician. These twenty-eight samples comprise, and are referred to herein as, the “asthma population.” Thirty blood samples were collected from individuals known to have non-small cell lung cancers and diagnosed as such by a physician. These thirty samples comprise, and are referred to herein as the “lung cancer population.”

Research was performed to select biomarkers for which it was believed that altered expression levels would be associated with lung cancer or asthma. As used herein, “lung cancer” is meant to encompass those lung cancers which are known to be non-small celled lung cancers. The following fifty-nine biomarkers were selected to be tested: CD40, Hepatocyte Growth Factor (“HGF”), I-TAC (“CXCL11”; “chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 11,” “interferon-inducible T-cell alpha chemoattractant”), Leptin (“LEP”), Matrix Metalloproteinase (“MMP”) 1, MMP 2, MMP3, MMP 7, MMP 8, MMP 9, MMP 12, MMP 13, CD40 Soluble Ligand (“CD40 Ligand”), Epidermal Growth Factor (“EFG”), Eotaxin (“CCL11”), Fractalkine, Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor (“G-CSF”), Granulocyte Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (“GM-CSF”), Interferon γ (“IFN γ”), Interleukin (“IL”) 1α, IL-1β, IL-1ra, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12(p40), IL-12(p70), IL-13, IL-15, -17, IP-10, Monocyte Chemotactic Protein 1 (“MCP-1”), Macrophage Inflammatory Protein (“MIP”) 1α, MIP-1β, Transforming Growth Factor α (“TGF α”), Tumor Necrosis Factor α (“TNF α”), Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (“VEGF”), Insulin (“Ins”), C-peptide, Glucagon Like Protein-1/amyline (“GLP-1/amylin”), Amylin (total), Glucagon, Adiponectin, Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 (“PAI-1”; “Serpin”) (active/total), Resistin (“RETN”; “xcp1”), sFas, Soluble Fas Ligand (“sFasL”), Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (“MIF”), sE-Selectin, Soluble Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule (“sVCAM”), Soluble Intracellular Adhesion Molecule (“sICAM”), Myeloperoxidase (“MPO”), C-Reactive Protein (“CRP”), Serum Amyloid A (“SAA”; “SAA1”), and Serum Amyloid P (“SAP”).

Plasma specimens for each of the normal, asthma and lung cancer populations were screened for each of the fifty-nine biomarkers by subjecting the plasma specimens to analysis using Luminex's xMAP technology, a quantitative multiplexed immunoassay using automated bead-based technologies.

Several different assay kits were used with the Luminex xMAP technology to screen the biomarkers, namely Millipore's Human Cytokine/Chemokine (Cat# MPXHCYTO-60K, Human Endocrine (Cat# HENDO-65K), Human Serum Adipokines (Cat# HADKI-61K), Human Sepsis/Apoptosis (Cat# HSEP-63K), Human Cardiovascular Panel 1 (Cat# HCVD1-67AK) and Human Cardiovascular Panel 2 (HCVD2-67BK), R&D Systems, Inc.'s Human Fluorokine MAP Profiling Base Kit B (Cat# LUB00) and Human Fluorokine MAP MMP Profiling Base Kit (Cat# LMP000). The fluorescence intensity levels resulting from the multiplexed immunoassay were recorded for each of the fifty-nine biomarkers for each plasma specimen for each population. The recorded fluorescence intensity is proportional to the concentration of the corresponding biomarker in the sample, and to the extent of its expression in the individual. Averages, standard deviations, and relative standard deviations for fluorescence intensity level associated with each biomarker for each population were calculated. FIGS. 1A through 1C show the average mean, standard deviation and relative standard deviation for each biomarker in the normal (NO), non-small cell lung cancer (LC), and asthma (AST) populations.

Student's t test was then used to characterize inter-pathology differences for each particular biomarker between each population. Mean fluorescence intensity measurements of each biomarker for the samples from normal patients were compared to those of the samples from patients suffering from lung cancer and also to those of samples derived from patients suffering from asthma. FIG. 1D shows the differences between the various population means for each marker. In addition, the mean fluorescence intensity measurements for the lung cancer patients were compared to the mean fluorescence intensity measurements for the asthma patients, and the significance was evaluated using the Student's t statistic.

Further analysis of the statistical differences for each biomarker between the normal, asthma and lung cancer populations was performed. To characterize the difference in mean expression levels for each biomarker between the populations, Student's t values were calculated using the t-test function available in the Microsoft EXCEL software package. The EXCEL t-test function was used to calculate the probability associated with the Student's t value under an assumption of equal variance using a two-tailed distribution.

The significance of the difference in expression levels between the populations was determined on the criteria that any Student's t value with an associated probability smaller than 0.05 was considered to be significant to indicate the presence of the given pathology, whether asthma or lung cancer. Using a criterion of 0.05 or less is generally accepted in the scientific community. Any Student's t value with an associated probability larger than 0.1 was considered to be insignificant to indicate the presence of the given pathology. Furthermore, any Student's t value with an associated probability between 0.051 and 0.1 was determined to be marginal.

Referring now to FIG. 1E, the Student's t values with an associated probability calculated comparing each biomarker for each population is shown. It should be noted that the Student's t values with an associated probability shown in FIG. 1E are calculated on the basis that each of the asthma, normal, and lung cancer populations has a single mean and a normal distribution.

The significance of the differences in biomarker expression levels were used to rank the relative importance of the biomarkers. Those biomarkers that were found to be most significantly different between pathologies were classed as relatively more important. The measurements of mean fluorescence intensity were examined, and data for all biomarkers having intensities that did not depart significantly from the average intensities of specimens in the other populations were excluded from further analysis. Those biomarkers having relatively low relative standard deviation were classed as more significant than those having relatively high standard deviation.

The direction of deviation, i.e. whether the average level of a particular marker increased or decreased in any pathology relative to any of the other pathologies, was not used to judge the relative significance of a particular marker. In this way, a group of biomarkers was assembled that showed high variability between pathologies, relatively low relative standard deviation and good instrumental detectability (defined as non-zero uncorrected mean fluorescence intensity). Those calculations were used to test the efficiency of the immunoassay and analyzed to determine the biomarkers which showed significant differences in expression levels between the expression levels of the normal population, as well as to determine reference ranges which are characteristic of and associated with the pathologies of lung cancer and/or asthma.

Still referring to FIG. 1E, the probabilities associated with the Student's t values were calculated to compare the asthma population to the normal population. Significant differences between the asthma population and the normal population were determined from the Student's t probability for the biomarkers sE-Selectin, EGF, Leptin, IL-5, PAI-1, Resistin, MMP-13, CD40 Ligand sVCAM-1, HGF, C-Peptide, sICAM-1, MMP-7, Adiponectin, GM-CSF and MIF. This determination was made on the basis that, when comparing the twenty-eight specimens from the asthma population with the thirty specimens from the normal population using the Student's t function described herein, the probabilities associated with the Student's t value for each of these biomarkers was smaller than 0.05. Difference was determined to be insignificant between the asthma population and the normal population for the biomarkers CRP, MMP-9, IL-4, IL-1α, SAA, IL-7 and IL-6, as the Student's t probability for each of these was significantly greater than 0.05.

As also shown in FIG. 1E, the probabilities associated with the Student's t values were calculated to compare the lung cancer population to the normal population. Significant difference between the lung cancer population and the normal population was determined from the Student's t probability for the biomarkers sE-Selectin, EGF, Leptin, IL-5, PAI-1, Resistin, CRP, MMP-9, IL-4, IL-1α, SAA, IL-7, CD40 Ligand, MMP-7 and MMP-12. Again, this determination was made on the basis that, when comparing the thirty specimens from the lung cancer population with the thirty specimens from the normal population using the Student's t function described herein, the Student's t probability for each of these biomarkers was smaller than 0.05. Difference was determined to be insignificant between the lung cancer population and the normal population for the biomarkers MMP-13, HGF, C-Peptide, sICAM, Adiponectin, GM-CSF, IL-17, TNF α, ITAC and MIF, as the Student's t probability for each of these biomarkers was significantly greater than 0.05.

Three biomarkers had probabilities associated with the Student's t values only slightly greater than 0.05 between the lung cancer population and the normal population. Specifically, when comparing the lung cancer population to the normal population, IL-6 had a Student's t probability of 0.076195528, sVCAM-1 had a Student's t probability of 0.08869949, and IL-15 had a Student's T probability of 0.086324372. These biomarkers are regarded as having insignificant difference between the lung cancer population and the normal population. However, due to the fact that the Student's t probability for these three biomarkers are close to 0.05, it is possible that each population may significantly vary between the normal and lung cancer populations.

Finally, as shown in FIG. 1E, further analysis was done by calculating the probabilities associated with the Student's t values to compare the lung cancer population to the asthma population. Significant difference between the lung cancer population and the asthma population was determined from the Student's t probability for the biomarkers sE-Selectin, EGF, Leptin, IL-5, PAI-1, Resistin, CRP, MMP-9, IL-4, IL-1α, SAA, IL-7, IL-6, MMP-13 sVCAM, HGF, C-Peptide, sICAM, Adiponectin, GM-CSF, IL-17, IL-15, TNF α and 1-TAC. This determination was made on the basis that, when comparing the thirty specimens from the lung cancer population with the twenty-eight specimens from the asthma population using the Student's t function described herein, the Student's t probability for each of these biomarkers was smaller than 0.05. Difference was determined to be insignificant between the lung cancer population and the asthma population for the biomarkers CD40 Ligand, MMP-7, MMP-12 and MIF, as the Student's t probability for each of these biomarkers was significantly greater than 0.05.

Example 2

Human blood samples were collected from volunteers. One hundred forty-two samples were collected from individuals not known to have either non-small cell lung cancer or asthma. These samples comprise, and are referred to herein as, the “normal population.” One hundred eight blood samples were collected from individuals known to have asthma and diagnosed as such by a physician. These samples comprise, and are referred to herein as, the “asthma population.” One hundred forty-six blood samples were collected from individuals known to have non-small cell lung cancers and diagnosed as such by a physician. These comprise, and are referred to herein as the “lung cancer population.”

The same methods described in Example 1 were performed. FIGS. 2A-2E show the results obtained. These results provide guidance for selecting suitable biomarkers for the methods of this invention. In particular, the probability values for particular markers are useful in this regard.

FIG. 2E shows the probability associated with the effectiveness of various biomarkers for discriminating between the physiological state of different populations. Probability values of 0.1 or less are highlighted on this table to identify biomarkers of interest. Biomarkers used in preferred methods of this invention will have probability values of 0.05 or less, more preferably 0.01, and even more preferably 0.001 or less.

Example 3

Human blood samples were collected from volunteers. Two hundred eighty eight samples were collected from individuals not known to have either non-small cell lung cancer or asthma. These samples comprise, and are referred to herein as, the “normal population.” One hundred eighty blood samples were collected from individuals known to have asthma and diagnosed as such by a physician. These samples comprise, and are referred to herein as, the “asthma population.” Three hundred sixty blood samples were collected from individuals known to have non-small cell lung cancers and diagnosed as such by a physician. These comprise, and are referred to herein as the “lung cancer population.”

The same methods described in Example 1 were performed. A Panomics' Procarta Cytokine kit (Cat# PC1017) was also used. Antibodies for PAI-1 and Leptin were used from two different kits. Antibodies for PAI-1^(A) and Leptin¹ were produced by Millipore. Antibodies for PAI-1^(B) were produced by Panomics. FIGS. 3A-3E show the results obtained. These results provide guidance for selecting suitable biomarkers for the methods of this invention. In particular, the probability values for particular markers are useful in this regard.

FIG. 3E shows the probability associated with the effectiveness of various biomarkers for discriminating between the physiological state of different populations. Probability values of 0.1 or less are highlighted on this table to identify biomarkers of interest. Biomarkers used in preferred methods of this invention will have probability values of 0.05 or less, more preferably 0.01, and even more preferably 0.001 or less.

The data obtained was then segregated and analyzed by sex.

FIGS. 4A-4C show the average fluorescence intensity level of the biomarkers in the normal (NO), non-small cell lung cancer (LC), and asthma (AST) female population. FIG. 41) shows the percent change in the mean of each of the biomarkers in the AST v. NO female populations, LC v. NO female populations, and the AST v. LC female populations. FIG. 4E shows the probability associated with Student's t values calculated by comparing the mean fluorescence intensity measured for each biomarker, where the means to be compared are AST v. NO female populations, LC v. NO female populations, and the AST v. LC female populations, respectively.

The same information with respect to the male population is shown in FIG. 5A-5E.

Next, the female and male population data was compared. FIG. 6A shows the percent change in the mean of each of the biomarkers in the AST male population compared to the AST female population, the LC male population compared to the LC female population, and the NO male population compared to the NO female population. FIG. 6B shows the probability associated with Student's t values calculated by comparing the mean fluorescence intensity measured for each biomarker in the male and female populations from Example 3, where the means to be compared are the AST male and female populations, LC male and female populations, and the NO male and female populations, respectively.

Example 4

The Kruskal-Wallis test is a well known, non-parametric statistical method. The data obtained from Example 3 was segregated by sex and analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis (U test). Markers with probability values of 0.05 or less were considered significant. Markers showing marginally significant (probability between 0.051-0.10) and insignificant differences (probability above 0.10) were discarded. The results for the retained markers are shown in FIGS. 7-8.

FIG. 7A shows the percent change in the mean concentration of each of the biomarkers in the LC v. NO female populations, AST v. NO female populations, and the AST v. LC female populations. The scalar sum (i.e., the sum of the absolute values of the percent change for all three comparisons) is also provided and was used to rank the biomarkers. FIG. 7B shows the probability associated with the Kruskal-Wallis test calculated by comparing the concentration measured for each biomarker, where the populations to be compared are AST v. NO female populations, LC v. NO female populations, and the AST v. LC female populations, respectively.

The same information with respect to the male population is shown in FIGS. 8A and 8B.

The biomarkers showed unique gender- and disease-specific patterns. For unisex analysis of LC, 36 markers with an absolute change of at least 25% cutoff threshold and 32 markers with at least 50% cutoff were identified. For women, 32 markers with at least 25% cutoff and 30 with at least 50% cutoff were found. For men, 39 markers were found at least 25% cutoff and 37 at least 50% cutoff. Expression of four markers was unique for women with LC compared to NO: IL-8 and serum amyloid P (downregulated), serum amyloid A and C-reactive protein (all upregulated). Five markers were unique for men with LC compared to NO: insulin (downregulated), matrix metalloproteinases-7 and -8, resistin and hepatocyte growth factor (all upregulated). Three markers showed opposite patterns of expression: (i) VEGF was downregulated in women and upregulated in men with LC compared to NO; (ii) Leptin was upregulated in women and downregulated in men; and (iii) and MIP-1a were upregulated in men and downregulated in women with LC versus NO.

The invention provides for various methods of gender-based identification of disease states. For example, the invention provides for methods of physiological characterization in a male subject comprising determining whether insulin is downregulated, and/or matrix metalloproteinases-7 and -8, resistin and hepatocyte growth factor are upregulated. Such patterns are indicative of disease. Assays within the contemplation of this invention include detecting abnormal up/down regulation of three, four, or five of these biomarkers in a male subject.

In another example, the invention provides for methods of physiological characterization in a female subject comprising determining whether IL-8 and/or serum amyloid P are downregulated, and/or serum amyloid A and C-reactive protein are upregulated. Such patterns are indicative of disease. Assays within the contemplation of this invention include detecting abnormal up/down regulation of three or four of these biomarkers in a female subject.

Example 5

Human blood samples were collected from volunteers. Thirty samples were collected from individuals not known to have either non-small cell lung cancer or asthma. The individuals known not to have either non-small cell lung cancer or asthma comprise, and are referred to herein as, the “normal population.” Twenty-eight blood samples were collected from individuals known to have asthma and diagnosed as such by a physician. The individuals known to have asthma comprise, and are referred to herein as, the “asthma population.” Thirty blood samples were collected from individuals known to have non-small cell lung cancers and diagnosed as such by a physician. The individuals known to have non-small cell lung cancer comprise, and are referred to herein as the “lung cancer population.” Generally, as used herein, the term “lung cancer” or “lung cancers” is meant to refer to non-small cell lung cancers.

Eight to ten plasma specimens from each of the asthma population, normal population and lung cancer population were selected at random to be tested. Each plasma specimen from each population was subjected to a protease or digesting agent. Trypsin was used as the protease, and is desirable to be used as a protease because of its ability to make highly specific and highly predictable cleavages due to the fact that trypsin is known to cleave peptide chains at the carboxyl side of the lysine and arginine, except where a proline is present immediately following either the lysine or arginine. Although trypsin was used, it is possible to use other proteases or digesting agents. It is desirable to use a protease, or mixture of proteases, which cleave at least as specifically as trypsin.

The tryptic peptides, which are the peptides left by the trypsin after cleavage, were then separated from the insoluble matter by subjecting the specimens to a centrifugation and a capillary liquid chromatography, with an aqueous acetonitrile gradient with 0.1% formic acid using a 0.375×180 mm Supelcosil ABZ+ column on an Eksigent 2D capillary HPLC to effect chromatographic resolution of the generated tryptic peptides. This separation of the peptides is necessary because the electrospray ionization process is subject to ion co-suppression, wherein ions of a type having a higher proton affinity will suppress ion formation of ions having lower proton affinities if they are simultaneously eluting from the electrospray emitter, which in this case is co-terminal with the end of the HPLC column.

This methodology allows for the chromatographic separation of the large number of peptides produced in the tryptic digestions and helps to minimize co-suppression problems, thereby maximizing chances of the formation of pseudo-molecular ion co-suppression, thereby maximizing ion sampling. The tryptic peptides for each specimen were then subjected to an LC-ESIMS. The LC-ESIMS separated each peptide in each specimen in time by passing the peptides in each specimen through a column of solvent system consisting of water, acetonitrile and formic acid as described above.

The peptides were then sprayed with an electrospray ionization source to ionize the peptides and produce the peptide pseudo-molecular ions as described above. The peptides were passed through a mass analyzer in the LC-ESIMS where molecular masses were measured for each peptide pseudo-molecular ion. After passing through the LC-ESIMS, mass spectral readouts were produced for the peptides present in each sample from the mass spectral data, namely the intensities, the molecular weights and the time of elution from a chromatographic column of the peptides. The mass spectral readouts are generally graphic illustrations of the peptide pseudo-molecular ion signals recorded by the LC-ESIMS, wherein the x-axis is the measurement of mass to charge ratio, the y-axis is the intensity of the pseudo-molecular ion signal. These data are then processed by a software system that controls the LC-ESIMS and acquires and stores the resultant data.

Once the mass spectral data was obtained and placed on the mass spectral readouts, a comparative analysis was performed wherein the mass spectral readouts of each plasma specimen tested in the LC-ESIMS for each population was performed, both interpathologically and intrapathalogically. The mass spectral peaks were compared between each specimen tested in the normal population. The mass spectral peaks were then compared between each specimen tested in the asthma population and the lung cancer population. Once the intrapathological comparisons were performed, interpathological comparisons were performed wherein the mass spectral readouts for each specimen tested in the LC-ESIMS for the asthma population was compared against each specimen tested in the normal population. Likewise, the mass spectral readouts for each specimen tested in the LC-ESIMS for the lung cancer population was compared against each specimen tested in the normal population.

Peptides with mass spectral readouts that indicated the peptide intensities were inconsistently differentially expressed intrapathologically or were not substantially altered (less than 10 fold variance in intensity) when comparing the asthma population or lung cancer population to the normal population were determined to be insignificant and excluded. Generally, the exclusion criteria used involved comparing the peptide peak intensities for at least half of the identified characteristic peptides for a given protein across at least ten data sets derived from the analysis of individual patient plasma specimens from each pathology. If the intensity of the majority of peptide peaks derived from given protein were at least 10 fold higher in intensity for 80% of the plasma data sets, the protein was classed as differentially regulated between the two pathologic classes.

However, the identity of the proteins giving rise to the peptides that were observed to be differentially regulated were unknown and needed to be identified. To make the identification of the proteins, peptide pseudo-molecular ion signal intensities were compared across known databases which contain libraries of known proteins and peptides and suspected proteins and peptides.

The mass spectral readouts of the tryptic digests for each specimen from each of the normal, lung cancer and asthma population were inputted into a known search engine called MASCOT. MASCOT is a search engine known in the art which uses mass spectrometry data to identify proteins from four major sequencing databases, namely the MSDB, NCBInr, SwissProt and dbEST databases. These databases contain information on all proteins of known sequence and all putative proteins based on observation of characteristic protein transcription initiation regions derived from gene sequences. These databases are continually checked for accuracy and redundancy and are subject to continuous addition as new protein and gene sequences are identified and published in the scientific and patent literature.

Search criteria and parameters were inputted into the MASCOT program and the mass spectral data from the mass spectral readouts for each population were run through the MASCOT program. The mass spectral data entered into the MASCOT program were for the all specimens of each pathology. The MASCOT program then ran the mass spectral data for the peptides inputted against the sequencing databases, comparing the peak intensities and masses of each peptide to the masses and peak intensities of known peptides and proteins. MASCOT then produced a search result which returned a candidate list of possible protein identification matches, commonly known as “significant matches” for each sample that was analyzed.

Significant matches are determined by the MASCOT program by assigning a score called a “MOWSE score” for each specimen tested. The MOWSE score is an algorithm wherein the score is −10*LOG₁₀(P), where P is the probability that the observed match is a random event, which correlates into a significance p value where p is less than 0.05, which is the generally accepted standard in the scientific community. MOWSE scores of approximately 55 to approximately 66 or greater are generally considered significant. The significance level varies somewhat due to specific search considerations and database parameters. The significant matches were returned for each peptide run, resulting in a candidate list of proteins.

Next, comparative analysis was performed using the same methods described in US 20090069189, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

The data from the mass spectral readouts were cross checked with the significant matches to confirm the raw data, peak identities, charge multiplicities, isotope distribution and flanking charge states. A reverse search was then performed to add peptides to the candidate list which may have been missed by the automated search through the MASCOT program. The additional peptides were identified by selecting the “best match” meaning the single protein which substantially matched each parameter of the peptide compared, performing an in silk° digest wherein the tryptic peptides and their respective molecular masses calculated based on the known amino acid or gene sequence of the protein. These predicted peptide masses were then searched against the raw mass spectral data and any peaks identified were examined and qualified as described above. Then, all of the peptides including those automatically identified by MASCOT and those identified by manual examination were entered into the mass list used by MASCOT. The refined match is then used to derive a refined MOWSE score.

As a result of the identification process, the protein Arginase-1 was determined to be significantly differentially expressed between the asthma population, lung cancer population and/or normal population. Other proteins identified using this method are BAC04615, Q6NSC8, CAF17350, Q6ZUD4, Q8N7P1, CAC69571, FERM domain containing protein 4, JCC1445 proteasome endopeptidase complex chain C2 long splice form, Syntaxin 11, AAK13083, and AAK130490. See US 20090069189, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Having identified a specific protein which is consistently differentially expressed in asthma and lung cancer patients, it is possible to diagnose these pathologies early in the progression of the diseases by subjecting proteins in a patient's plasma to tryptic digestion and analysis by the LC-ESIMS, obtaining the mass spectral data, and determining whether the mass spectral data includes peaks for one or more of Arginase-1, BAC04615, Q6NSC8, CAF17350, Q6ZUD4, Q8N7P1, CAC69571, FERM domain containing protein 4, JCC1445 proteasome endopeptidase complex chain C2 long splice form, Syntaxin 11, AAK13083, and AAK130490. The levels of any proteins found in the patient sample are then compared to the levels found in a normal population.

The amino acid sequence disclosed in SEQ ID NO: 1 is the primary amino acid sequence known as of the date of filing this application for the protein BAC04615. The amino acid sequence disclosed in SEQ ID NO: 2 is the primary amino acid sequence known as of the date of filing this application for the protein Q6NSC8. The amino acid sequence disclosed in SEQ ID NO: 3 is the primary amino acid sequence known as of the date of filing this application for the protein CAF17350. The amino acid sequence disclosed in SEQ ID NO: 4 is the primary amino acid sequence known as of the date of filing this application for the protein Q6ZUD4. The amino acid sequence disclosed in SEQ ID NO: 5 is the primary amino acid sequence known as of the date of filing this application for the protein FERM domain containing protein 4. The amino acid sequence disclosed in SEQ ID NO: 6 is the primary amino acid sequence known as of the date of filing this application for the protein AAK13083. The amino acid sequence disclosed in SEQ ID NO: 7 is the primary amino acid sequence known as of the date of filing this application for the protein Q8N7P1. The amino acid sequence disclosed in SEQ ID NO: 8 is the primary amino acid sequence known as of the date of filing this application for the protein CAC69571. The amino acid sequence disclosed in SEQ ID NO: 9 is the primary amino acid sequence known as of the date of filing this application for the protein JCC1445 proteasome endopetidase complex chain C2 long splice. The amino acid sequence disclosed in SEQ ID NO: 10 is the primary amino acid sequence known as of the date of filing this application for the protein Syntaxin 11. The amino acid sequence disclosed in SEQ ID NO: 11 is the primary amino acid sequence known as of the date of filing this application for the protein AAK13049. The amino acid sequence disclosed in SEQ ID NO: 12 is the primary amino acid sequence known as of the date of filing this application for the protein Arginase-1.

Example 6

Selected tissue specimens from asthma patients was subjected to the same methods described in Example 5. See also Application No. 61/176,437, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

As a result of the identification process, the following proteins were determined to be significantly differentially expressed in the asthma patient:

Suggested SEQ Accession Gene or Function From Mowse ID Number Protein Literature Mass Score NO: Q6ZR64 FLJ46603 hypothetical 23397 51 13 (Human) protein HBV preS1-trans- activated protein 1 Q8WUX6 AAH19232 expressed in 12347 49 14 (Human) lung tissue Q5YA4 CCDC52 potential role 11748 51 15 protein in regulation fragment of RhoA GTPase Q5T2Z1 DDA3 activated by p53 25035 56 16 (Human) OSHU7C cytochrome terminal 7241 46 17 c oxidase component of the chain VIIc mitochondrial precursor respiratory chain complex; conversion of redox energy to ATP

Having identified five specific proteins which are consistently differentially expressed in asthma patients, it is possible to diagnose these pathologies early in the progression of the diseases by subjecting proteins in a patient's tissue specimen to tryptic digestion and analysis by the LC-ESIMS, obtaining the mass spectral data, and determining whether the mass spectral data includes peaks for one or more of SEQ ID NOS: 13-17. The levels of any proteins found in the patient sample are then compared to the levels found in a normal population.

Example 7 Diagnostic Test for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

A sample of a biological fluid is obtained from a patient for whom diagnostic information is desired. The sample is preferably blood serum or plasma. The concentration in the sample of seven (7) of the following 14 biomarkers is determined: IL-13, I-TAC, MCP-1, MMP-1, MPO, HGF, Eotaxin, MMP-9, MMP-7, IP-10, SAA, Resistin, IL-5, and sVACM-1. The measured concentration from the sample for each biomarker is compared to the range of concentrations of that marker found in the same fluid in normal human individuals, a population of individuals diagnosed with asthma, and a population of individuals diagnosed with NSCLC. Deviation from the normal range is indicative of lung disease, and deviation from the range for the population of individuals with asthma is indicative of NSCLC. Tests on a patient using biomarkers from the same set of 14 may be used in analogous procedures for diagnosis of asthma or other reactive airway diseases.

Example 8 Monitoring Therapy for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

A pretreatment sample of a biological fluid is obtained from a patient who has been diagnosed with NSCLS before any treatment for the disease. The sample is preferably blood serum or plasma. The concentration in the sample of eight (8) of the following 24 biomarkers is determined: IL-13, EGF, I-TAC, MMP-1, IL-12 (p70), Eotaxin, MMP-8, MCP-1, MPO, IP-10, SAA, HGF, MMP-9, MMP-12, Amylin (Total), MMP-7, IL-6, MIL-1β, Adiponectin, IL-10, IL-5, IL-4, SE-selectin, and MIP-1α. The measured concentration from the sample for each biomarker may be compared to the range of concentrations of that marker found in the same fluid in normal human individuals. After the pretreatment sample has been taken the patient undergoes therapeutic intervention comprising surgery followed by irradiation. Samples of the same fluid are taken after surgery, but before irradiation. Additional samples are taken after each irradiation session. The concentration in each sample of the same eight (8) biomarkers is determined. Changes in the level of expression of each biomarker are noted and compared with other symptoms of progression of the disease.

Example 9

Selection of Predictive Biomarkers

A pretreatment sample of a biological fluid is obtained from a population of patients who have been diagnosed with NSCLS before any treatment for the disease. The sample is preferably blood serum or plasma. The concentration in the sample of the following 24 biomarkers is determined: IL-13, EGF, 1-TAC, MMP-1, IL-12 (p70), Eotaxin, MMP-8, MCP-1, MPO, IP-10, SAA, HGF, MMP-9, MMP-12, Amylin (Total), MMP-7, IL-6, MIL-1β, Adiponectin, IL-10, IL-5, IL-4, SE-selectin, and MIP-1α. The measured concentration from the sample for each biomarker is compared to the range of concentrations of that marker found in the same fluid in normal human individuals. After the pretreatment sample has been taken each patient undergoes therapeutic intervention comprising surgery followed by irradiation. Samples of the same fluid are taken after surgery, but before irradiation. Additional samples are taken after each irradiation session. The concentration in each sample of the 24 biomarkers is determined. Changes in the level of expression of each biomarker are noted and compared with other symptoms of progression of the disease. All biomarkers whose level changes after therapy are identified.

Example 10 Selection of Susceptible Patients

A sample of a biological fluid is obtained from a patient who has been diagnosed with NSCLS. The sample is preferably blood serum or plasma. The concentration in the sample of each of the biomarkers identified in the previous example is determined, and patients for whom the highest number of biomarkers show values deviating from normal are selected for treatment.

Example 11 Diagnostic Test for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer in Male Subject

A sample of a biological fluid is obtained from a male patient for whom diagnostic information is desired. The sample is preferably blood serum or plasma. The concentration in the sample of seven (7) of the following 14 biomarkers is determined: 1-TAC, MPO, HGF, MMP-1, MMP-8, Eotaxin, IL-8, MMP-7, IP-10, sVACM-1, IL-10, Adiponectin, SAP, and IFN-γ. The measured concentration from the sample for each biomarker is compared to the range of concentrations of that marker found in the same fluid in normal human male individuals, a population of male individuals diagnosed with asthma, and a population of male individuals diagnosed with NSCLC. Deviation from the normal range is indicative of lung disease, and deviation from the range for the population of individuals with asthma is indicative of NSCLC. Tests on a patient using biomarkers from the same set of 14 may be used in analogous procedures for diagnosis of asthma or other reactive airway diseases.

Example 12 Alternative Test for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer in a Male Subject

Many, if not all, of the biomarkers identified in Tables 1-15 participate in communications pathways of the sort described above. Some of the biomarkers are related to each other as first order interactors. Selection of markers for use in a diagnostic or prognostic assay may be facilitated using known relationships between particular biomarkers and their first order interactors. The known communication relationships between the biomarkers listed on Table 16B can be seen in FIG. 9, generated by the Ariadne system. FIG. 9 shows that first order interactors of HGF (Hepatocyte Growth Factor) include sFasL (soluble Fas ligand), PAI-1 (serpin Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1) (active/total), Ins (Insulin; which also includes C-peptide), EGF (Epidermal Growth Factor), MPO (Myeloperoxidase), and MIF (Migration Inhibitory Factor). Other interactors (not first order) include RETN (resistin, xcp1), SAA1 (Serum Amyloid A, SAA), CCL11 (Eotaxin), LEP (Leptin) and CXCL11 (Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 11, Interferon-inducible T-cell alpha chemoattractant (1-TAC) or Interferon-gamma-inducible protein 9 (IP-9)). In addition, FIG. 9 shows that two biomarkers MMP1 and MMP-8 (Matrix Metalloproteinases 1 and 8) are not on a communication pathway with HGF.

One way to maximize the information collected by measuring a selection of biomarkers, is to select a plurality of biomarkers such that biomarkers which are not in the same communication pathway are included in the collection. Using the list of biomarkers in Table 16B, it appears that if the levels of at least HGF or another biomarker that is a first order interactor with HGF, and MMP-8 are abnormal in a male subject, the likelihood that the subject has lung cancer is much higher. If the level of MMP-1 is also abnormal, then the likelihood is even higher. Thus, one method according to the present invention for diagnosing lung cancer in a male subject would be to determine the level of at least HGF or another biomarker that is a first order interactor with HGF, and MMP-8, and the levels compared to the range expected for a normal population to see of the levels of these biomarkers is abnormal. In a preferred mode, the diagnostic method would also include determining whether the level of MMP-1 was normal. More preferable, one or more of CXCL11, LEP, SAA1 and/or RETN would also be determined, and the levels compared to the range expected for a population of normal individuals. The more of these biomarkers which are present at an abnormal level, the more likely that the subject has lung cancer.

Example 13 Monitoring Therapy for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer in a Male

A pretreatment sample of a biological fluid is obtained from a male patient who has been diagnosed with NSCLS before any treatment for the disease. The sample is preferably blood serum or plasma. The concentration in the sample of eight (8) of the following 24 biomarkers is determined: IL-13, I-TAC, EGF, MPO, HGF, MMP-1, MMP-8, MIF, Eotaxin, IL-12 (p70), MCP-1, MMP-9, SAA, IP-10, Amylin (Total), MMP-7, Resistin, IL-6, MIP-1β, TNF-α, IL-8, IL-5, CRP, and IL-10. The measured concentration from the sample for each biomarker may be compared to the range of concentrations of that marker found in the same fluid in normal human individuals. After the pretreatment sample has been taken the patient undergoes therapeutic intervention comprising surgery followed by irradiation. Samples of the same fluid are taken after surgery, but before irradiation. Additional samples are taken after each irradiation session. The concentration in each sample of the same eight (8) biomarkers is determined. Changes in the level of expression of each biomarker are noted and compared with other symptoms of progression of the disease.

Example 14 Selection of Predictive Biomarkers

A pretreatment sample of a biological fluid is obtained from a population of male patients who have been diagnosed with NSCLS before any treatment for the disease. The sample is preferably blood serum or plasma. The concentration in the sample of the following 24 biomarkers is determined: IL-13, I-TAC, EGF, MPO, HGF, MMP-1, MMP-8, MIF, Eotaxin, IL-12 (p70), MCP-1, MMP-9, SAA, IP-10, Amylin (Total), MMP-7, Resistin, IL-6, MIP-1β, TNF-α, IL-8, IL-5, CRP, and IL-10. The measured concentration from the sample for each biomarker is compared to the range of concentrations of that marker found in the same fluid in normal human individuals. After the pretreatment sample has been taken each patient undergoes therapeutic intervention comprising surgery followed by irradiation. Samples of the same fluid are taken after surgery, but before irradiation. Additional samples are taken after each irradiation session. The concentration in each sample of the 24 biomarkers is determined. Changes in the level of expression of each biomarker are noted and compared with other symptoms of progression of the disease. All biomarkers whose level changes after therapy are identified.

Example 15 Selection of Susceptible Patients

A sample of a biological fluid is obtained from a male patient who has been diagnosed with NSCLS. The sample is preferably blood serum or plasma. The concentration in the sample of each of the biomarkers identified in the previous example is determined, and patients for whom the highest number of biomarkers show values deviating from normal are selected for treatment. 

1. A method of physiological characterization in a subject comprising determining the extent of expression of at least one biomarker from Table 1A, Table 1B, Table 1C, Table 2, Table 3, Table 4, Table 5A, Table 5B, Table 5C, Table 6, Table 7, Table 8, Table 9A, Table 9B, Table 9C, Table 10, Table 11, Table 12, Table 16A, Table 16B, Table 16C, Table 17, Table 18, Table 19, Table 20A, Table 20B, Table 20C, Table 21, Table 22, Table 23, or combinations of said Tables in a physiological sample of said subject, wherein the extent of expression of said at least one biomarker is indicative of a lung disease.
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 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the physiological characterization is diagnosing reactive airway disease in a subject comprising determining the extent of expression of at least one biomarker from Table 2, Table 6, Table 10, Table 17, or Table 21 in a physiological sample of said subject, wherein the extent of expression of said at least one biomarker is indicative of reactive airway disease.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the physiological characterization is diagnosing non-small cell lung cancer in a subject comprising determining the extent of expression in said subject of at least one biomarker from Table 3, Table 7, Table 11, Table 18, or Table 22 in a physiological sample of said subject, wherein the extent of expression of said at least one biomarker is indicative of the presence or development of non-small cell lung cancer.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the physiological characterization is diagnosing a lung disease in a subject comprising determining the extent of expression of at least one biomarker from Table 4, Table 8, Table 12, Table 19, or Table 23 in a physiological sample of said subject, wherein the extent of expression of said at least one biomarker assists in diagnosing a lung disease.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one biomarker comprises a plurality of biomarkers.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one biomarker is selected from Table 1A, Table 1B, Table 1C, Table 2, Table 3, Table 4, or combinations of said Tables, preferably a plurality of biomarkers is selected from biomarker nos. 1-20, more preferably biomarker nos. 1-10 of Table 1A, Table 1B, Table 1C, Table 2, Table 3, Table 4, or combinations of said Tables.
 9. The method of claim 8, further wherein said at least one biomarker is also found on Table 13B and/or Table 14B.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the human is male and said biomarker is selected from Table 5A, Table 5B, Table 5C, Table 6, Table 7, Table 8, Table 16A, Table 16B, Table 16C, Table 17, Table 18, Table 19, or combinations of said Tables, preferably a plurality of biomarkers is selected from biomarker nos. 1-20, more preferably biomarker nos. 1-10 of Table 5A, Table 5B, Table 5C, Table 6, Table 7, Table 8, or combinations of said Tables.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the human is female and said at least one biomarker is selected from Table 9A, Table 9B, Table 9C, Table 10, Table 11, Table 12, Table 20A, Table 20B, Table 20C, Table 21, Table 22, Table 23, or combinations of said Tables, preferably a plurality of biomarkers is selected from biomarker nos. 1-20, more preferably biomarker nos. 1-10 of Table 9A, Table 9B, Table 9C, Table 10, Table 11, Table 12, Table 20A, Table 20B, Table 20C, Table 21, Table 22, Table 23, or combinations of said Tables.
 12. The method of claim 10, further wherein said at least one biomarker is also found on Table 13A and/or Table 14A.
 13. The method of physiological characterization according to claim 1, further comprising determining the extent of expression of at least one first order interactor linked to a biomarker from Table 1A, Table 1B, Table 1C, Table 2, Table 3, Table 4, Table 5A, Table 5B, Table 5C, Table 6, Table 7, Table 8, Table 9A, Table 9B, Table 9C, Table 10, Table 11, Table 12, Table 16A, Table 16B, Table 16C, Table 17, Table 18, Table 19, Table 20A, Table 20B, Table 20C, Table 21, Table 22, or Table 23, in a physiological sample of said subject, wherein the extent of expression of said at least one first order interactor is indicative of a lung disease.
 14. The method of claim 1, wherein said lung disease is non-small cell lung cancer or reactive airway disease.
 15. The method of claim 4, wherein said reactive airway disease is asthma.
 16. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the extent of expression comprises performing a quantitative multiplex immunoassay.
 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises obtaining a physiological sample of said subject.
 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the physiological sample is biological fluid, such as blood serum or plasma.
 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the subject is a mammal, such as a human.
 20. A method of physiological characterization of a subject comprising (a) step for determining whether the level of MMP-8 in the subject is abnormal; and (b) step for determining whether the level of biomarker selected from the group consisting of Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF), Soluble Fas Ligand (sFasL), PAI-I, Insulin (INS), Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF), and combinations thereof in the subject is abnormal, wherein abnormal levels of said biomarkers is indicative of a lung disease.
 21. The method of claim 21, further comprising a step for determining whether the level of MMP-1 in the subject is abnormal.
 22. The method of claim 20, wherein step (b) comprises determining whether the level of HGF in the subject is abnormal.
 23. A method of physiological characterization of a subject comprising (a) measuring the level of MMP-8 or a first order interactor linked therewith in the subject; and (b) measuring the level of a biomarker selected from the group consisting of HGF, sFasL, PAI-I, INS, EGF, MPO, and MIF or a first order interactor linked therewith in the subject; wherein if the level said biomarkers or said first order interactors linked therewith is abnormal, then the subject has an increased likelihood of a lung disease.
 24. The method of claim 23, further comprising measuring the level of MMP-1 or a first order interactor linked therewith in the subject, wherein if the level said biomarkers or said first order interactors linked therewith is abnormal, then the subject has an increased likelihood of a lung disease.
 25. The method of claim 23, wherein step (b) comprises measuring the level of HGF in the subject.
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 37. A kit comprising means for determining the extent of expression of a plurality of biomarkers from Table 1A, Table 1B, Table 1C, Table 2, Table 3, Table 4, Table 5A, Table 5B, Table 5C, Table 6, Table 7, Table 8, Table 9A, Table 9B, Table 9C, Table 10, Table 11, Table 12, Table 16A, Table 16B, Table 16C, Table 17, Table 18, Table 19, Table 20A, Table 20B, Table 20C, Table 21, Table 22, Table 23, or combinations of said Tables.
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